heart pathology Flashcards
superior vena cava syndrome
occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head
Vasospasm
narrowing of brain blood vessels -> vasoconstriction
Prinzmetal angina
vasospasms in coronary arteries (angina = chest pain)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
result of atherosclerosis that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries
Angina pectoris
chest pain; prolonged, unrelieved ischemia that interrupts blood supply to the myocardium
Dyslipidemia
imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
blood clots block blood vessels to heartt -> heart doesnt get enough oxygen. heart muscle dies (necrotic) or becomes permanently damaged
Pericarditis
- Inflammation of the heart sac
- Pericardial effusion: fluid may collect within the sac
-Excessive cardiac compression causes tamponade
-Constrictive pericarditis: fibrosis encases the heart in a rigid shell
Cardiomyopathies
usually the result of remodeling, neurohumoral responses, and hypertension
- dilated (congestive)
- restrictive (rigid and noncompliant)
- hypertrophic (asymmetric)
Valvular dysfunction
- Valvular stenosis: valve is narrowed and constricted
- Valvular regurgitation: cusps fail to shut completely allowing blood to leak back
- Aortic stenosis - caused by:
Inflammatory damage (Rheumatic fever)
Congenital malformation
Degeneration caused by calcification
Mitral stenosis:
impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle (results in atrial enlargement)
Regurgitation:
aortic, mitral, tricuspid
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome:
Mitral valve prolapse syndrome:
the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium; most common valve disorder in the US
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
An inflammatory disease that results from a delayed immune response to a streptococcal infection in genetically predisposed individuals
Infective endocarditis
inflammation of the heart’s inner layer, especially the cardiac valves
Right ventricular failure
result of chronic pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic hypoxic lung disease
Left heart failure (congestive heart failure):
can be divided into systolic and diastolic heart failure
most common causes of left ventricular failure are myocardial infarction, fluid overload, hypertension, or valvular disease
Systolic heart failure:
- increased preload, decreased contractility, or increased afterload
-> increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure that results in increased pulmonary venous pressures and pulmonary edema
Shock
Widespread impairment of cellular metabolism involving positive feedback loops that places the individual on a downward physiologic spiral leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Cardiogenic shock:
decreased cardiac output, tissue hypoxia, and the presence of adequate intravascular volume
Hypovolemic shock:
caused by loss of blood or fluid in large amounts; use of compensatory mechanisms may be vigorous, but tissue perfusion ultimately decreases and results in impaired cellular metabolism
Anaphylactic shock
- caused by physiologic recognition of a foreign substance
-inflammatory response is triggered, and a massive -vasodilation with fluid shift into the interstitium follows
relative hypovolemia leads to impaired cellular metabolism
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
- Progressive failure of two or more organ systems after a severe illness or injury
- triggers: chronic inflammation, necrotic tissue, severe trauma, burns, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pancreatitis, and other severe injuries
-Symptoms: inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and hypermetabolism; lung is usually the first organ to fail
fibrillation/ischemia
lack of blood flow to the heart
