heart pathology

Question 1

superior vena cava syndrome

Answer 1

occlusion of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head

Question 2

Vasospasm

Answer 2

narrowing of brain blood vessels -> vasoconstriction

Question 3

Prinzmetal angina

Answer 3

vasospasms in coronary arteries (angina = chest pain)

Question 4

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 4

result of atherosclerosis that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries

Question 5

Angina pectoris

Answer 5

chest pain; prolonged, unrelieved ischemia that interrupts blood supply to the myocardium

Question 6

Dyslipidemia

Answer 6

imbalance of lipids such as cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (LDL-C), triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL

Question 7

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Answer 7

blood clots block blood vessels to heartt -> heart doesnt get enough oxygen. heart muscle dies (necrotic) or becomes permanently damaged

Question 8

Pericarditis

Answer 8

• Inflammation of the heart sac
• Pericardial effusion: fluid may collect within the sac
  -Excessive cardiac compression causes tamponade
  -Constrictive pericarditis: fibrosis encases the heart in a rigid shell

Question 9

Cardiomyopathies

Answer 9

usually the result of remodeling, neurohumoral responses, and hypertension
- dilated (congestive)
- restrictive (rigid and noncompliant)
- hypertrophic (asymmetric)

Question 10

Valvular dysfunction

Answer 10

• Valvular stenosis: valve is narrowed and constricted
• Valvular regurgitation: cusps fail to shut completely allowing blood to leak back
• Aortic stenosis - caused by:
  Inflammatory damage (Rheumatic fever)
  Congenital malformation
  Degeneration caused by calcification

Question 11

Mitral stenosis:

Answer 11

impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle (results in atrial enlargement)

Question 12

Regurgitation:

Answer 12

aortic, mitral, tricuspid

Question 13

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome:

Answer 13

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome:
the two valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium; most common valve disorder in the US

Question 14

Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease

Answer 14

An inflammatory disease that results from a delayed immune response to a streptococcal infection in genetically predisposed individuals

Question 15

Infective endocarditis

Answer 15

inflammation of the heart’s inner layer, especially the cardiac valves

Question 16

Right ventricular failure

Answer 16

result of chronic pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic hypoxic lung disease

Question 17

Left heart failure (congestive heart failure):

Answer 17

can be divided into systolic and diastolic heart failure
most common causes of left ventricular failure are myocardial infarction, fluid overload, hypertension, or valvular disease

Question 18

Systolic heart failure:

Answer 18

• increased preload, decreased contractility, or increased afterload
  -> increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure that results in increased pulmonary venous pressures and pulmonary edema

Question 19

Shock

Answer 19

Widespread impairment of cellular metabolism involving positive feedback loops that places the individual on a downward physiologic spiral leading to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

Question 20

Cardiogenic shock:

Answer 20

decreased cardiac output, tissue hypoxia, and the presence of adequate intravascular volume

Question 21

Hypovolemic shock:

Answer 21

caused by loss of blood or fluid in large amounts; use of compensatory mechanisms may be vigorous, but tissue perfusion ultimately decreases and results in impaired cellular metabolism

Question 22

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 22

• caused by physiologic recognition of a foreign substance
  -inflammatory response is triggered, and a massive -vasodilation with fluid shift into the interstitium follows
  relative hypovolemia leads to impaired cellular metabolism

Question 23

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

Answer 23

• Progressive failure of two or more organ systems after a severe illness or injury
• triggers: chronic inflammation, necrotic tissue, severe trauma, burns, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pancreatitis, and other severe injuries
  -Symptoms: inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and hypermetabolism; lung is usually the first organ to fail

Question 24

fibrillation/ischemia

Answer 24

lack of blood flow to the heart

Question 25

Tachycardia, Bradycardia

Answer 25

• T:more than 100 beats/min
• B:less than 60 beats/min

Question 26

Systole/ diastole

Answer 26

Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation

Question 27

Pericardium

Answer 27

a double serous membrane
-Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

Question 28

Visceral pericardium

Answer 28

Next to heart

Question 29

Parietal pericardium

Answer 29

Outside layer

Question 30

Epicardium

Answer 30

• Outside layer
  -This layer is the parietal pericardium
  -Connective tissue layer

Question 31

Myocardium

Answer 31

-Middle layer
-Mostly cardiac muscle

Question 32

Endocardium

Answer 32

-Inner layer
-Endothelium

Question 33

Atrioventricular valves –

Answer 33

between atria and ventricles

Question 34

Bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve

Answer 34

bi- left
tri- right