Heart Failure

Question 1

ACC/AHA Stage

Answer 1

• A - risk factors but normal heart and no sxs
• B - asx structure heart disease
• C - symptomatic structural heart disease
• D - decompensated heart failure (persistent HF despite therapies tried)

Question 2

NYHA

Answer 2

functional assessment

• Class I: No sxs
• Class II: sxs w/ ordinary activity
• Class III: sxs w/ slight activity
• Class IV: sxs at rest

Question 3

etiology of HF

Answer 3

• myocardial failure
  
  • myocardial loss: CAD, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy
  • pressure load: aortic stenosis, HTN
  • volume load: MR, AI, VSD, PDA
• LV inflow obstruction (less filling)
  
  • mitral stenosis, constrictive pericarditis, diseases reducing LV compliance (hypertrophy, infiltration)
• high CO
  
  • acute volume overload (IV fluids, traansfusion)
  • chronic volume overload (anemia, A-V fistula)
• other
  
  • thyrotoxicities
  • arrythmias