Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Diseases Yr2 > Heart failure > Flashcards

Heart failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Impaired function of heart as a PUMP.
This leads to inadequate circulation despite adequate venous filling pressure.
Usually a chronic condition with episodes of acute (decompensated) HF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is congestive cardiac failure? (CCF)

A

When both sides of the heart fail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of heart failure? (5)

A
  1. Pump failure - IHD, Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias, Infective endocarditis.
  2. Excessive afterload -hypertension, aortic stenosis
  3. Excessive preload - fluid overload i.e. renal failure, IV fluids, mitral regurgitation.
  4. Restriction - pericarditis, cardiac tamponade
  5. High-output failure - severe anaemia, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, hypoxia, paget’s.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HF?

A 
CAD cardiomyopathy/hypertension, valve disease. 
> 
ventricular remodelling 
> 
Left ventricular dilatation
>
Left ventricular dysfunction
> 
Decreased ejection fraction
>
Body compensatory mechanisms 
> 
Fluid retention and vasoconstriction 
> 
back to ventricular remodelling...
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure?

A 
1. Pulmonary oedema 
> breathlessness
> coughing
> orthopnoea
> PND
> reduced exercise tolerance
  1. Reduced organ perfusion
    > low concentration, tiredness, confusion and fatigue.
    > reduced kidney function.
    > muscle wasting and weight loss.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Right-sided HF?

A
  1. Peripheral oedema
    > angle swelling
    > sacral (dependent oedema)
  2. Ascites
  3. Hepatomegaly
    > liver dysfunction secondary to engagement
  4. Increased JVP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of pulp failure? (4)

A

IHD, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, infective endocarditis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the causes of excessive afterload? (2)

A

hypertension, aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of excessive preload? (3)

A

fluid overload i.e. renal failure, IV fluids, mitral regurgitation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of restriction? (2)

A

pericarditis, cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the causes of high-output failure (5)

A

severe anaemia, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, hypoxia, Paget’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema (5)

A 
Breathlessness
Coughing
Orthopnoea
PND
Reduced exercise tolerance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of reduced organ perfusion (3)

A

low concentration, tiredness, confusion and fatigue
reduced kidney function
muscle wasting and weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms or peripheral oedema?

A

ankle swelling

sacral (dependent oedema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

liver dysfunction secondary to engorgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the signs of left sided heart failure? (2)

A

pulmonary oedema

reduced organ perfusion

17
Q

What are the signs of right sided heart failure?

A

peripheral oedema, ascites, hepatomegaly, increased JVP

18
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to detect heart failure? (5)

A
  1. CXR - will show pulmonary congestion with bilateral pleural effusions and cardiomegaly.
  2. Plasma BNP - (brain natriuretic peptide) levels.
  3. ECG - may show LV hypertrophy - large QRS complex.
  4. in acute deterioration look for underlying causes e.g. troponin/ECG, anaemia.
  5. Echocardiogram - essential to check for structural abnormalities and the EJECTION FRACTION (<55 is abnormal).
19
Q

What do echocardiograms look for?

A

structural abnormalities and ejection fraction (<55 is abnormal)

20
Q

How do you treat heart failure? (5)

A

aim to combat the compensatory physiological mechanisms:

  1. DIURETICS e.g. furosemide
    > increase Na and water excretion
  2. ACE INHIBITORS e.g. ramipril
    > vasodilators.
    > angiotensin II receptor blockers if not tolerated.
  3. BETA-BLOCKERS e.g. bisoprolol
    > reduced heart demand
    > reduced contractility and rate
  4. DIGOXIN
    > inotrope increasing contractility
  5. SPIRONOLACTONE
    > potassium-sparing diuretic
21
Q

What is the dental relevance of a pt with heart failure? (3)

A
  1. Avoid Rx if unstable or symptomatic
  2. Orthopnoea means pts will find lying flat in chair uncomfortable/impossible.
  3. Drug interaction/cautions
    > be cautious with NSAIDs
    > digoxin interacts with macrolides (increased plasma conc of digoxin)
    > risk of postural hypotension if use diuretics > sit up slowly.
22
Q

What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?

A

Left-sided heart failure

right side tires to push blood into congested left side. has to work hard

23
Q

What is orthopnoea?

A

it is a shortness of breath when lying down.

left sided heart failure causes this.
Blood sat in left ventricle. blood can’t get in easily. increased pressure in pulmonary veins, fluid leak out. seep into lung tissue.

Human Diseases Yr2 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions