Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Circulatory System > Heart Diseases > Flashcards

Heart Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Rapid heart rate of more than 100 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is brachycardia?

A

Slow heart rate of fewer than 60 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does rhythm refer to in an ECG?

A

Regularity of ECG waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Any variation from the normal rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe atrial flutter.

A

Rapid, regular sequence of atrial depolarization where the AV node responds to one out of 2 or 3 impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Very serious condition with uncoordinated, chaotic contractions and erratic impulses in the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens if circulation isn’t restored in less than 4 minutes during ventricular fibrillation?

A

Brain damage sets in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

Inability of the heart to adequately meet the needs of organs and tissues for oxygen and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List symptoms of left-sided heart failure.

A

*fluid back up into lungs
* Shortness of breath
* Cough at night
*Very tired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms of right-sided heart failure?

A

*Fluid back up in veins and leaks out into tissues and organs
* spread to lungs, liver, stomach
* edema of feet, legs, ankles(lower body)
*urinate more especially at night
*trouble breathing especially when laying flat
*chest pain, feels like indigestion, skin cold and sweaty, pulse fast and irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is congestive heart failure diagnosed?

A

Presence of edema and shortness of breath, listening for crackling sounds with a stethoscope, x-ray for enlarged heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List three treatment options for congestive heart failure.

A
  • Lifestyle changes (quit smoking, limit alcohol)
  • Medications (diuretics-promote urination), inotropics (strengthen pumping ability), beta-blockers (slows HR, widens vessels), etc
  • Surgical options: angioplasty, stenting, heart valve repair or replacement, pacemaker insertion, bypass surgery, heat transplantation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is mitral valve disease?

A

Occurs when heart valves do not work properly, often leading to valvular insufficiency/regurgitation (leaky valves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is valvular insufficiency?

A

Also known as regurgitation, occurs when a valve does not close tightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can cause mitral valve disease?

A

Endocarditis, which is inflammation of the inner layer of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Cord-like tendons that connect papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List two symptoms of mitral valve disease.

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dizziness or weakness
  • swelling of your ankles, feet or abdomen
    *Rapid weight gain
    *palpitations (heartbeat faster)
    *discomfort in chest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a murmur?

A

A swishing sound made by blood flowing through a stenotic or leaky valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What preventive measures can be taken for heart valve disease?

A
  • Call doctor if symptoms of infection arise
  • Maintain good dental hygiene
  • Take antibiotics before surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Term: Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Description: A rare congenital heart defect consisting of four heart abnormalities:

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve, reducing blood flow to the lungs.
    1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole between the heart’s two lower chambers (ventricles).
    2. Overriding aorta: The aorta is positioned above both ventricles, allowing oxygen-poor blood to flow into it.
    3. Right ventricular hypertrophy: Thickening of the muscular walls of the right ventricle.
21
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) - Symptoms

A

Symptoms:
• Cyanosis (bluish tint to skin, lips, and nails due to lack of oxygen)
• Shortness of breath
• Fainting or fatigue, especially during feeding in infants
• Heart murmur

22
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure heart rhythm
• Chest X-ray to observe heart and lung structure
• Cardiac MRI or CT scan for detailed heart imaging

23
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• Surgery (main treatment): Usually complete repair to correct defects in infancy
• Temporary medications to manage symptoms before surgery
• Ongoing care with a cardiologist

24
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Avoid alcohol and drugs during pregnancy
• Properly manage health conditions like diabetes
• Ensure adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy

25
Q

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

A

Description: Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, often by a clot in a coronary artery, leading to heart tissue damage or death. Typically caused by plaque buildup in coronary arteries.

26
Q

Heart Attack - Symptoms

A

Symptoms:
• Chest pain or discomfort (pressure, squeezing, or fullness)
• Pain radiating to arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach
• Shortness of breath
• Cold sweats, nausea, or lightheadedness

27
Q

Heart Attack - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records electrical activity to detect damage
• Blood tests: Measures cardiac enzymes (like troponin)
• Echocardiogram: Creates heart images to show blood flow issues
• Coronary angiography: Uses dye and X-rays to find blockages
• Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed heart images

28
Q

Heart Attack - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• Medications: Blood thinners, clot-dissolvers, pain relievers
• Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): Balloon and stent to open blocked artery
• Coronary artery bypass surgery: Reroutes blood around a blocked artery

29
Q

Heart Attack - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Healthy diet, lifestyle changes, regular exercise
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol
• Manage stress, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels

30
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

A

Description: A bulge in the aorta that can occur anywhere along it. Types include:
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: In the belly area
• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm: In the chest cavity
• Cerebral Aortic Aneurysm: In brain vessels

31
Q

Aortic Aneurysm - Symptoms

A

Symptoms by Type:
• Cerebral: Severe headache, paralysis on one side of the face, stiff neck, pain above eye
• Thoracic: Difficulty swallowing, chest or upper back pain, rapid heart rate

32
Q

Aortic Aneurysm - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Ultrasound
• MRI
• CT scan

33
Q

Aortic Aneurysm - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• Surgery to replace the damaged part of the aorta with a graft

34
Q

Aortic Aneurysm - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Regular screening for at-risk individuals, especially men aged 65-75 who smoke or have a family history

35
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) / Atherosclerosis

A

Description: Buildup of fats and cholesterol in blood vessel walls (plaque), narrowing vessels, increasing the risk of blood clots and reducing blood flow.

36
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Symptoms

A

Symptoms: Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and in severe cases, heart attack symptoms like intense chest pain, sweating, and nausea.

37
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Blood tests
• ECG
• Echocardiogram
• Ultrasound

38
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• Lifestyle changes (healthy diet)
• Medications (aspirin for blood thinning, BP medications)
• Surgery (angioplasty with stent)

39
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Regular exercise, healthy weight, no smoking, stress management

40
Q

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

A

Description: Chronic condition where blood pressure is consistently too high, typically at or above 130/80 mm Hg.

41
Q

High Blood Pressure - Symptoms

A

Symptoms:
• Often asymptomatic (“silent killer”)
• Severe cases: Headaches, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, chest pain, vision changes, dizziness

42
Q

High Blood Pressure - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Blood pressure readings over several visits
• Additional tests (blood and urine tests, ECG, echocardiogram)

43
Q

High Blood Pressure - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• Lifestyle changes: Low-sodium diet, regular exercise, weight management, reduced alcohol intake, stress management
• Medications: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers

44
Q

High Blood Pressure - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Healthy diet, regular exercise, healthy weight, avoid smoking, manage stress

45
Q

Holes in Heart (ASD & VSD)

A

Description:
• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): Hole in septum between upper chambers (atria), allowing blood mixing that increases heart/lung workload.
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): Hole in septum between lower chambers (ventricles), causing blood flow increase to lungs.

46
Q

Holes in Heart (ASD & VSD) - Symptoms

A

Symptoms:
• ASD: Often asymptomatic; can include breathlessness, fatigue, swelling, palpitations, respiratory infections
• VSD: Small VSDs often asymptomatic; larger VSDs may cause breathlessness, fatigue, poor weight gain in infants, heart murmur

47
Q

Holes in Heart (ASD & VSD) - Diagnosis

A

Diagnosis Methods:
• Physical exam with heart murmur detection
• Imaging (echocardiogram, X-ray, MRI, ECG)

48
Q

Holes in Heart (ASD & VSD) - Treatment

A

Treatment Options:
• ASD: Small ASD may close naturally; larger ASD may require surgery or catheter procedure
• VSD: Small VSD may close on its own; large VSD may need surgical repair

49
Q

Holes in Heart (ASD & VSD) - Prevention

A

Prevention Tips:
• Avoid smoking, alcohol, certain medications during pregnancy
• Maintain prenatal care and healthy lifestyle
• Genetic counseling if family history of heart defects

Circulatory System (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions