Heart Decks Flashcards
1
Q
How big is the heart?
A
about the size of your fist
2
Q
What is the weight for the female and male heart?
A
female- 8 ounces male- 10 ounces
3
Q
Where does the apex or point of the heart rest?
A
on the diaphragm
4
Q
How much of the heart and where does it point?
A
about 2/3 of the mass of the heart points toward the left
5
Q
What is the pericardium?
A
it is a 3 layer sac that the heart sits in
6
Q
This is the tough outer covering that attaches the heart to the diaphragm. I tprotects and anchors the heart and keeps it from over stretching.
A
fibrous percardium
7
Q
The fibrous pericardium is a tough outer covering what does it attach?
A
the heart to the diaphragm
8
Q
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
A
protects and anchors the heart and keeps it from over stretching
9
Q
How many layers is the serous pericardium?
A
2 layers
10
Q
aka the epicardium?
A
visceral (internal) layer of serous pericardium
11
Q
What are the names of the 2 layers of serous pericardium?
A
parietal layer - outer visceral layer (epicardium)- internal
12
Q
This is the space between the 2 layers of the serous membrane that contains the pericardial fluid.
A
pericardial cavity
13
Q
What is the pericardial cavity and what is in it?
A
the space between the serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layer) that contains the pericardial fluid
14
Q
an inflammation of the pericardium due to wear and tear, loss of fluid
A
pericarditis
15
Q
What makes up the pericardium?
A
fibrous pericardium (1)serous pericardium (2)
16
Q
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
A
epicardium (same as visceral pericardium) myocardium endocardium
17
Q
this is the thickest layer of the heart, found in the middle and contains cardiac muscle tissue.
A
myocardium
18
Q
What layer is the thickest layer of the heart layers?
A
myocardium
19
Q
Is cardiac muscles tissue contained in the myocardium?
A
yes
20
Q
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?
A
striatedinvoluntarycontains intercalated discs usually uninucleated
21
Q
This is the innermost layer of the heart (includes the simple squamous epithelium known as the endothelium), this layer is continuous with the entering and exiting blood vessels.
A
endocardium
22
Q
What is the endothelium continuous with?
A
the entering and exiting blood vessels
23
Q
What layer is the endothelium?
A
the innermost layer of the heart
24
Q
How many and what are the names of the chambers of the heart?
A
4 chambers: 2 atria (superior chambers) 2 ventricles (inferior chambers)
25
Each atrium has an auricle, what does it allow for?
expansion
26
What is the anterior and posterior surfaces like for each atrium?
posterior surface is smooth anterior surface is rough due to presence of pectinate muscles
27
this separates the ventricles anteriorly
anterior inter ventricular sulcus
28
a groove on the outside of the heart that encircles most of the heart separating the atria and ventricles.
coronary sulcus (aka atrioventricular groove)
29
What does the coronary sulcus (aka atrioventricular groove) separate?
the atria and ventricles
30
separates the ventricles posteriorly
posterior interventricular sulcus
31
What is often found in the sulci?
blood vessels and variable amounts of fat
32
What are the 3 sulci of the external surface of the heart?
coronary sulcus (aka atrioventricular groove) anterior interventricular sulcusposterior interventricular sulcus
33
What are the 5 internal surface of the heart?
interatrial septum fossa ovalis foramen ovale interventricular septum trabeculae carneae
34
Where is the fossa ovals located?
in the interatrial septum which separates the atria
35
a hole that is present in the fetal heart that closes just prior to birth. It allows the blood to be shunted away from the under developed lungs.
foramen ovale
36
this separates the ventricles
interventricular septum
37
What are the ventricles covered with?
fibrous projections known as the trabeculae carneae
38
How many valves do we have in the heart?
4
39
Where are the valves located in the heart?
2 between atrium and ventricle = atrioventricular 2 that are each between a ventricle and major artery (either aorta or pulmonary artery) =SL or semilunar
40
Where are the atrioventricular valves located?
between the atrium and ventricle
41
Where are the SL valves located?
between a ventricle and major artery (either aorta or pulmonary artery)
42
because it has 3 valves
tricuspid right AV valve
43
because it has 2 flaps
bicuspid (mitral) left AV valve
44
The AV valves are like parachutes with string that are known as what?
chordae tendineae
45
What do the chordae tendineae attach the AV valves too?
the papillary muscles
46
Where do the flaps point when the AV valves are open?
the flaps point down into the ventricles
47
The flaps point down into the ventricles when the AV valves are open and where does the blood flow?
from the atria to the ventricles
48
What does contraction of the ventricles result in?
blood pressure increasing and the pressure of the blood in the ventricles causes the AV valves to close
49
After the contraction of the ventricles and the blood pressure increasing and the pressure of the blood in the ventricles causes the AV valves to close, what happens to the papillary muscles?
they contract to take up the slack of the chordae tendineae (heart strings)
50
The structures thhat keep the AV valves from collapsing into the atria are the.....
chordae tendineae
51
What are the semilunar valves named for?
the 3 half moon shaped cusps
52
located in between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary (semilunar) valve
53
Where is the pulmonary (semilunar) valve located?
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
54
located in between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic (semilunar) valve
55
Where is the aortic (semilunar) valve located?
between the left ventricle and the aorta
56
Relaxation of the ventricles causes blood to flow from a great vessel back into the cusps of teh SL valve
SL valve function
57
In regards to SL valve function what does relaxation of the ventricles cause?
blood to flow from a great vessel back into the cusps of the SL valve
58
damage to the streptococcal infection that results in a misdirected immune response (Type III hypersensitivity) where complement activation results in damage to various connective tissues including heart valves (usually mitral and aortic SL vlves).
Rheumatic fever
59
What valves are damaged due to Rheumatic fever?
usually mitral and aortic SL valves
60
How many great vessels?
5
61
What are the 5 great vessels?
superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk aorta pulmonary veins
62
returns blood to the heart from the upper portion of the body (head, neck, upper limbs, and chest)
superior vena cava
63
Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) return blood to?
the heart from the upper portions of the body (head, neck, upper limbs, and chest)
64
returns blood to the heart from the rest of the trunk, lower limbs and internal organs.
inferior vena cava (IVC)
65
Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) return blood to?
the heart from the rest of the trunk, lower limbs, and internal organs
66
carries blood away from the heart toward the lungs (splits into left and right pulmonary arteries)
pulmonary trunk
67
Where does the pulmonary trunk carry blood away from?
the heart toward the lungs (splits into left and right pulmonary arteries)
68
What does the pulmonary trunk split into?
left and right pulmonary arteries
69
a very large artery that carries blood to the body (systemic circuit) and has subsections
aorta
70
carry blood from the pulmonary circuit back to the heart
pulmonary veins
71
Where does the pulmonary veins carry blood?
from the pulmonary circuit back to the heart
72
The heart is really a dual pump that pumps.....
two different circuits (pulmonary and systemic)
73
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to?
the systemic circuit which supplies reoxygenated blood to the body
74
What side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit?
right side
75
In the pulmonary circuit where does blood low in oxygen travel?
to the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen
76
If we trace a drop of blood through the heart: Where does the deoxygenated blood enter and from what 3 vessels?
right atrium from coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava
77
If we trace a drop of blood through the heart: After the deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava, where does the blood then pass through?
the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
78
If we trace a drop of blood through the heart: After the deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, and superior vena cava it passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. Then what does it enter?
the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary (semilunar) valveto the pulmonary trunk which branches into right and left pulmonary arteries
79
After being reoxygenated by the lungs where does the blood return?
to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium then passes through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle
80
After being reoxygenated by the lungs blood returns to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium then passes through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. Then where does it go?
it exits the heart via the aortic valve to the aorta where it travels to the systemic circuit
81
a remnant structure that was previously a duct but has closed just prior to birth
ligamentum arteriosum
82
What does the ductus arteriosum do for the fetal heart?
connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta as a means of shunting blood way from the under developed lungs
83
Why does the heart have its own blood vessels?
because the walls of the heart are too thick to receive blood directly from the chambers
84
What do the right and left coronary arteries branch off of and what do they do?
branch off of the ascending aorta to supply the heart with blood
85
What does the right coronary artery supply?
right atrium both ventricles AV and SA nodes (intrinsic cardiac conduction system structures)
86
What does the left coronary artery supply?
left ventricle left atrium interventricular septum
87
What are the right coronary artery main branches?
posterior interventricular branch one or more marginal arteries
88
What are the left coronary artery main branches?
anterior interventricular branch circumflex artery
89
What are located in similarly named sulci?
coronary artery branches
90
What varies considerably?
coronary artery development
91
Where does 15% of the population have both interventricular branches coming from?
the left coronary artery
92
when 2 or more arteries merge to form collateral circulation
anastomosis
93
connected to coronary arteries via a network of capillaries to drain deoxygenated blood
coronary veins
94
drains the blood supplied by the anterior interventricular artery
great cardiac vein
95
drains the blood supplied by the posterior interventricular artery
middle cardiac vein
96
drains blood from the posterior right atrium and right ventricle
small cardiac vein
97
What does the great cardiac vein drain?
the blood supplied by the anterior interventricular artery
98
What does the middle cardiac vein drain?
the blood supplied by the posterior interventricular artery
99
What does the small cardiac vein drain?
the blood from the posterior right atrium and right ventricle
100
Where do the coronary veins drain and where is that located?
into the coronary sinus which is located in the coronary sulcus
101
Where do anterior cardiac veins drain?
directly into the right atrium
102
blood flow is toward the heart, usually the blood is low in oxygen but there are exceptions to this rule
veins in general
103
In general how to veins flow?
toward the heart, usually the blood is low in oxygen
104
What is the exception to the rule of veins flowing toward the heart?
pulmonary veins
105
lack of blood to cardiac tissue results in low oxygen (hypoxia). Cardiac cells are weakened in the process
myocardial ischemia
106
What results from myocardial ischemia?
hypoxia
107
the chest pain caused by the myocardial ischemia
angina pectoris
108
a heart attack occurs when the cardiac cells die, the heart is weakened because of the scar tissue in the heart that does not contract
myocardial infarction (MI)
109
When does a heart attack (myocardial infarction) occur?
when the cardiac cells die
110
Why is the heart weakened due to a myocardial infarction?
because of the scar tissue in the heart that does not contract
111
plaques that cause ischemia and MI's
CAD-coronary artery disease
112
hardening, thickening, and weakening of the arteries in general
arteriosclerosis
113
cause of arteriosclerosis by the formation of plaques
atherosclerosis
114
lesions and deposits on the arteries
plaques
115
a new blood vessel is spliced in to go around the blockage
CABG-coronary artery bypass grafting
116
catheter is inserted that inflates and squashes the plaque. to prevent blockage from reforming a wire mesh tube called a stent is sometimes inserted
PTCA-percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
