Heart, Blood vessels, Arteries, Veins, Lymphatic system Flashcards
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
- Non oxygenated
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart
- oxygenated blood
What veins do NOT carry oxygenated blood?
pulmonary
Great Vessels
Arteries and veins entering/leaving the heart
Functions of the heart
- unidirectional flow of blood
- back flow of blood
- Develops blood pressure
Diastolic
Heart Relaxes
Systolic
Heart contracts
Where is the heart located?
Left of the body (left of midline), posterior to the sternum in the middle mediastinum
Pulmonary artery
Transports un-oxygenated blood to lungs to exchange gases
Systematic
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the organs and tissues
What side is the pulmonary at?
Right Side
Where is systemic?
Left side
Where does the heart occupy?
The pericardial sac, located in the middle mediastinum. is located obliquely
What are the four borders of the heart?
Inferior (bottom), superior (top), left, right
where is the heart contained at?
In a fibrous pericardial sac called the fibrous pericardium
Where does the Parietal pericardium attach?
To the inside
What does the pericardium do?
Restricts heart movements so that it doesn’t bounce around in the thoracic cabvity
Fibrous Pericardium
Tough, dense connective tissue
- attaches to both sternum and diaphragm
Serous Pericardium
Thin, double layered serous membrane
- parietal and visceral lining
Superficial layer - epicardium
Essentially the visceral pericardium
Middle layer - myocardium
Contains mitochondria that create energy
Deep (inner) layer - endocardium
Primarily connective tissue
What arteries exit the heart at the BASAL surface
Pulmonary trunk and aorta
What does the pulmonary trunk do?
Carries blood from the right ventricle into the lungs in the circulatory system
What does the aorta do?
Conducts blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circuit
Coronary sulcus
coronary sinus, drains into the right artery
Anterior interventricular sulcus
divides the ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Divides the ventricles
Where do the Left and Right coronary arteries travel?
in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)
Where is the marginal artery
the right border
Where is the posterior interventricular artery?
Left and right ventricles
Anterior interventricular artery
Is the anterior surface of both ventricles and septum
Circumflex
Supplies the left atrium and ventricle
Where is the fibrous heart skeleton located
between the atria and the ventricle
what does the fibrous heart skeleton do?
Separates the atria and ventricles
anchors the heart valves
What provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue
Fibrous heart skeleton
What does the right atrium recieve and from where
Deoxygenated blood, from the systematic circuit and the heart muscle itself
What does the Right AV valve do
Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
What is the Right AV valve also called
triscupid
what is a function of the right AV valve
It is forced closed when the right ventricle being to contract
What does the right ventricle consist of
Interventricular septum
papillary muscles
chorda tendinea
Chordae tendinea
attached to papillary muscle
- is the string like structure
Location of semi-lunar valves
Located within the walls of both ventricles, immediately before the connection of the ventricles to the pulmonary trunk and aorta
What are the semi-lunar valves composed of
3 thin, pocket-like semi-lunar cusps
What happens with the semi-lunar valves
As blood is pumped into the arterial trunks, it pushes against the cusps, forcing the valves open
What is the left atrium
openings for approximately four pulmonary veins
What does the left atrium consist of
pectinate muscles along its anterior wall as well as an auricle
left AV valve
Also called the Mitrole valve
Has chordae tendinea
Left Ventricle
Largest of the four chambers
Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricular wall
it has to push blood further within the body
Why does the left ventricle has thick walls
in order to generate enough pressure within the blood
Arteries
Elastic and muscular
Capillaries
Most of exchange between blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the wall
Veins
Venules, small veins, medium and large veins
What does the capillary wall mostly consist of
endothelial cells
how big is the capillary wall
Only big enough for one blood cell to travel through
continuous capillaries
ends of endothelial touch
fenestrated capillaries
cells have holes, allows for larger structures to go through
sinusoid capillaries
large gaps, proteins transported
Capillary network
Blood flows from arterioles through arteriole then through the metarteriole network
What are the structures of arteries and veins
- tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa
Tunica Intima
endothelium - inner
Tunica Media
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Tunica externa
merges with connective tissue
Structures of arteries
elastic or conducting arteries, muscular or medium arteries, arterioles
Elastic/conducting arteries
largest diameters, pressure is high and fluctuates
Muscular/medium arteres (distributing)
Smooth muscles allow for constricting or dilating
Arterioles
Small arteries to capillaries
Structures of the veins
- Venules and small veins
- medium and large veins
Venules/small veins
Tubes or endothelium on delicate basement membrane
arteriovenous anastomosis
allows blood to flow from arterioles to small veins without passing through capillaries
Pulmonary circulation
Moves blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary trunk
arises from the Right ventricle
Pulmonary arteries
Branches of pulmonary trunk witch project to lungs
Pulmonary Veins
exit each lung and enter left atrium
what is the biggest artery
The Aorta
What does the ascending aorta have to do with blood flow
Blood flow increase
What does the descending aorta have to do with blood flow
Blood flow decreases
Three parts of Celiac trunk
- Left Gastric
- Sphenic
- Common hepatic
what does the lymphatic system do
Removes excess fluid from tissues back to the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic capillaries
- lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic trunks
- lymphatic ducts
Lymphocytes
Cells found in lymphatic system (in tissue)
- initiates immune respone
Lymph nodules
collection of lymphatic tissue
Lymph nodes
Made up of nodules
- is surrounded by a capsule
Organs/tissues of the lymphatic system
tonsils, spleen, appendix, thymus, MALT
Function of lymphatic system
- reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid
- transports dietary lipids
- initiates an immune response
T-lymphatic cells
About 70-85% of lymphocytes
- Matures in the thymus
B-lymphatic cells
Respond to one particular antigen and causes the production of antibodies
- matures in bone marrow
NK cells
Can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cnacerous cells
Lymphatic capillaries
Where the lymphatic network begins
- acts with one-way valves to drain lymph
Lacteals
lymphatic capillary
what does lacteals do
Pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipid, and lipid-soluble vitamins
5 lymphatic trunks
- Jugular
- Right and left subclavian
- Branchio
- Intestinal
- Lumbar
Jugular trunk
head and neck
Right and left subclavian trunk
Upper extremities, breasts
Brachio trunk
Thorax
Intestinal trunk
Abdomen
Lumbar trunk
Pelvis, lower extremities
2 lymphatic ducts
- thoracic
- Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic nodules
No capsule, filters and attacks antigens
Nodules in Mucosa
Mucosal
Association
Lymphatic
Tissue
Types of lymph nodes
Anterior, posterior, axillary, cavity
Tonsils
large clusters of nodular tissue and extracellular matrix
- not entirely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule.
What do crypts do
Help trap material
Protective ring of tonsils
Pharyngeal, Palatine, lingual
Thymus
Continues to grow until puberty
T-cell maturation
What happens when the thymus atrophies
Becomes almost nonfuncional
Spleen
largest lymphatic organ in the body
Where is the spleen located
Below left lung
Splenic artery
supplies blood into spleen
Splenic vein
Carries blood out of spleen, drains into portal vein
Heart Highway
Deoxygenated blood enters into the right atrium, then travels through the right AV valve into the right ventricle. It then travels through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, where the pulmonary arteries will transport the deoxygenated blood into the lungs. When the blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary veins, it is now oxygenated. It then travels into the left atrium before it passes through the left AV valve ventricle. It then goes through the aortic semi-lunar valve into the aorta where the blood gets pushed between the body cells and gas exchange occurs. the blood then enters the systematic veins and drains into the inferior and superior vena cava
