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Health Assessment quiz 3 > Heart and Neck Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

inferior vena cava

A

brings venous blood up from the liver to the right atrium

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2
Q

superior vena cava

A

brings venous blood down from the head and upper extremities to the right atrium

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3
Q

cardiac cycle

A

has two cycles, diastole (ventricles relax, fill with blood) and systole (heart contracts, blood pumped from ventricles & fills pulmonary and systemic arteries).

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4
Q

S1

A

Heard all over pericardium, loudest at apex, normal

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5
Q

S2

A

Heard all over pericardium, loudest at base, normal

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6
Q

characteristics of sound

A

frequency, intensity, duration and timing

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7
Q

jugular vein

A

empty unoxygenated blood into superior vena cava

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8
Q

What happens to the jugular if heart failure is present?

A

pressure in the jugular vein will be elevated more than 3 cm above the sternal angle while patient is at 45 degree angle.

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9
Q

Stage 1 hypertension

A

140/90

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10
Q

S3

A

Can be heard at apex or left lower sternal border, normal or abnormal

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11
Q

S4

A

could occur in adults older than 40 without cardiovascular disease, especially after exercise.

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12
Q

auscultate

A

over precordium from base of heart to apex in zig zag formation over four valve areas ( Aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral)

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13
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart pump per min?

A

4-6

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14
Q

carotid artery location

A

between the trachea and sternomastoid

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15
Q

bruit

A

Blowing or swishing sound. Will get louder as atheroschlerosis worsens

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16
Q

hemorrhagic stroke is r/t

A

hypertension

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17
Q

major cause of stroke

A

carotid artery stenosis

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18
Q

ischemic stroke r/t

A

atheroschlerosis

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19
Q

dysrhythmias increase with

A

age

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20
Q

HTN more common in

A

2-3 times more common in women taking contraceptives
more men than women until age 45
age 64 and up- women more common

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21
Q

precordium

A

the area on the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels

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22
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

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23
Q

function of the pulmonic valve

A

protect the orifice between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

24
Q

atrial systole occurs

A

during ventricular diastole

25
Q

the second hard sound is a result of

A

closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves

26
Q

abnormal jugular venous pressure

A

Pt elevated 45 degrees, internal jugular pulsation >3cm above sternal angle

27
Q

normal size apical pulse

A

1 x 2 cm

28
Q

pulmonic valve area

A

second left interspace

29
Q

angina pectoris: stable

A
  • Ischemic
  • no change in pain pattern within last 60 days
  • pressurelike discomfort- tightness, squeezing, burning lasting 3-5 minutes
  • precipitated by activity, usually alleviated by rest
  • substernal and retrosternal
30
Q

angina pectoris: prinzmetal/variant

A
  • Ischemic
  • pressurelike discomfort often occurring at rest and early morning hours
  • retrosternal
31
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A
  • Ischemic
  • unstable angina, myocardial infarction
  • heaviness, vicelike, squeezing, poorly localized pain lasting 20-30 mins to hours
  • does not resolve with rest
  • generalized substernal or retrosternal
32
Q

pericarditis

A
  • non-ischemic
  • sudden sharp and stabbing pain relieved by sitting or leaning forward
  • worsens by laying down or with inspiration
  • substernal, can radiate to trapezius muscle region
33
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A
  • sharp pain not associated with activity

- chest pain without radiation

34
Q

aortic dissection

A

-sudden severe pain with change in location and/or tearing sensation lasting for hours

35
Q

pulmonary hypertension (secondary)

A

cardiac like chest pain with exertion

36
Q

pulmonary embolism

A
  • sharp, stabbing pain worsening with deep breaths

- pain can be experienced in chest, back, shoulder, or upper abdomen

37
Q

pneumonia

A
  • sharp or stabbing pain associated with cough

- mostly generalized to one side of chest but can have upper abd pain

38
Q

pneumothorax

A

acure/sudden and sharp

39
Q

gastroesophageal reflux

A
  • may be angina- like, usually burning sensation when earing large meals
  • relieved by sitting up
  • retrosternal region
40
Q

esophageal spasm

A

crushing chest pain

41
Q

cholecystitis

A
  • sudden onset of pain that can last up to 20 mins, especially after eating a fatty meal
  • inflammation of gallbladder
42
Q

pancreatitis

A

sudden dull, boring, steady pain unrelieved by lying supine

43
Q

herpes zoster

A

unilateral, burning, borelike pain

44
Q

costochondritis

A

-sharp, pleuritic type pain worsens with breathing, palpation or moving

45
Q

chest wall muscle strain

A

sharp pain with moving, stretching or pushing, palpation causes pain

46
Q

symptoms of heart failure

A
  • dilated pupils
  • pale, gray, cyanotic skin
  • dyspnea
  • orthopnea
  • crackles, wheeze
  • cough with frothy white/pink sputum
  • decreased BP
  • N/V
  • ascites
  • pitting edema
  • anxiety
  • falling O2 saturation
  • jugular vein distention
  • infarct
  • fatigue
  • S3 gallop, tachycardia
  • enlarged spleen and liver
  • decreased urine output
  • weak pulse
47
Q

signs and symptoms of heart failure two basic mechanisms

A

1) the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet metabolic demands
2) the kidney’s compensatory mechanisms of abnormal retention of Na and water to compensate for the decreased cardiac output. This increases blood volume and venous return which causes further congestion

48
Q

acute onset of heart failure

A

as following MI when direct damage to the heart’s contracting ability has occured

49
Q

chronic onset of heart failure

A

as with HTN, when the ventricles must pump against chronically increased pressure

50
Q

pulse deficit

A

signals weak contraction of the ventricles. Occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beats and HF.

51
Q

splitting of S2

A

Normal phenomenon, occurs at the end of inspiration.

Heard only in the pulmonic valve area, the second left interspace

52
Q

fixed split

A

unaffected by respiration, the split is always there

53
Q

paradoxical split

A

opposite of what you would expect, sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration

54
Q

ventricular gallop

A

S3, occurs with heart failure and volume overload

55
Q

atrial gallop

A

S4, occurs with CAD

56
Q

S3

A

associated with heart failure and is always abnormal over age 35

57
Q

smoking increases the risk

A

increase in oxygen demand, decrease in oxygen supply, activation of platelets and fibrinogen, adverse change in lipid profile

Health Assessment quiz 3 (3 decks)

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