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Unit D: Heart and Immunity > Heart and Immunity > Flashcards

Heart and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport, Homeostasis, Protection

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2
Q

3 blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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3
Q

Arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart (oxygen rich blood). Contract and relax (pulse) as blood surges from the heart.

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4
Q

Artery structure?

A

Thick, muscular, elastic walls that maintain blood pressure between pump cycles.

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5
Q

Arterioles?

A

Small arteries, 2 functions.

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6
Q

Vasoconstriction?

A

Nervous system causes arterioles to contract in times of emergencies which increases blood pressure in some parts of the body while restricting it in others.

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7
Q

Vasodilation?

A

Nervous system arterioles to relax.

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8
Q

Atherosclerosis?

A

plaque buildup.

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9
Q

Veins structure?

A

Thin walls with a large inner circumference. Not muscular or elastic meaning that they cannot contract like arteries but can dilate to become wide.

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10
Q

Veins?

A

Carry blood towards the heart (oxygen poor). Have one way valves to avoid back flow of blood-no pressure. Blood is moved through the veins by contraction & relaxation of skeletal muscles around the vein.

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11
Q

Varicose veins?

A

Valves disfunction and venues burst. Pooling & back pressure of blood causes damage to surrounding tissues. Cause: age, obesity, poor nutrition & posture.

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12
Q

Capillaries?

A

One cell thick. Site of gas, nutrients (oxygen, monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones), waste (CO2, urea, ammonia). Bruise: capillaries get damage, blood/plasma rush to site.

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13
Q

Heart functions?

A

Pumps blood to lungs (pulmonary circulation) and to body (systemic circulation). Keeps oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood separated. Ensures blood flows in one direction. Contractions are limited and involuntary. Has valves so blood flows in one direction.

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14
Q

Heart consists of?

A

Walls made of cardiac muscle. 4 chambers, 2 atria (top, collects) blood returning to heart, 2 ventricles (bottom, pumps) sends blood out of heart.

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15
Q

Atria?

A

Collects blood coming back from the lungs (left atrium), or from the body (right atrium).

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16
Q

Ventricles?

A

Receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs (right ventricle) or the body (left ventricle).

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17
Q

Superior vena cava?

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from the head, chest & arms and dumps it into the right atrium.

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18
Q

Inferior vena cava?

A

Collects deoxygenated blood from the central & lower body and dumps it into the right atrium.

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19
Q

Pulmonary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood from the right ventricles to the lungs.

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20
Q

Pulmonary veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood from the lungs to the left ventricle.

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21
Q

Aorta?

A

Largest blood vessel in the body. Leaves the left ventricle carrying oxygenated blood to the body.

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22
Q

Tricuspid valve?

A

Has three valves that separate the right atrium from the right ventricle.

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23
Q

Bicuspid valve?

A

two valves that separate the left atrium form the left ventricle.

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24
Q

Semilunar valve?

A

Half-moon shape, found in the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.

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25
Q

Pathways of circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary pathway and systemic pathway.

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26
Q

Pulmonary pathway?

A

To and from the lungs. Deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs, picks up O2 and gives away CO2, oxygenated blood brought back to the heart.

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27
Q

Systemic pathway?

A

To and from the rest of the body. Oxygenated blood pumped to the body cells, gives away O2 and picks up CO, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart.

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28
Q

Blood’s journey through the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through eh vena cava. Then it flows to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Blood id pumped from the right ventricle past the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk that splits into the right & left pulmonary arteries. Blood returns from the lungs from the right & left pulmonary veins. Blood enters the left atrium after returning from the lungs and flows past the bicuspid valves as it enters the left ventricle which pumps blood out past the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta.

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29
Q

Beating heart?

A

Stimulus for a heartbeat is an electrical signal originating in the heart.

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30
Q

Sinoatrial node?

A

Pacemaker. SA node initiates heartbeat. Specialized myogenic muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium can simulate themselves.

31
Q

Atrioventricular node?

A

Signal from the SA node reaches the AV node which is then transmitted through a group of nerves called the bundle of his (in septum) which continues the transmission to the purkinje fibres. The left & right ventricles then contract.

32
Q

Sounds of the heart?

A

Sounds come from the valves closing. As ventricles contract (systole) the AV valves (bi & tricuspid) close-LUB. As ventricles relax (diastole) the semilunar valves (pulmonary and atrial) close-DUB.

33
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

The changes in voltage from the electrical signal can be measured using an electrocardiogram. PQRST.

34
Q

PQRST ECG?

A

P: atria contract. QRST: ventricles contract (atria recover) T: recovery of ventricles (repolarization).

35
Q

Congenital?

A

Present since birth. Murmur-one of more valves is not opening or not closing properly. Hole in heart-hole in septum.

36
Q

Hypertension?

A

High blood pressure due to genetics or diet. Weakens blood vessels leading to them rupturing.

37
Q

Aneurysm?

A

Bulge in the wall of a weakened blood vessel, usually an artery, can rupture leading to death.

38
Q

Arteriosclerosis?

A

General term: Artery walls thicken, harden, and lose their elastic properties.

39
Q

Atherosclerosis?

A

A type of arteriosclerosis. Plaque build up on inside of artery walls meaning flow is restricted which increases blood pressure leading to coronary occlusion.

40
Q

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

A

Blood clot in the coronary artery which can lead to heart failure. Treatment: Bypass-transplanted blood vessel used to detour the blockage. or Angioplasty-Balloon that opens up restricted area.

41
Q

Cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood flowing from the blood per minute. Depends on stroke volume which is the quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat, and the heart rate. To find cardiac output multiply both.

42
Q

measure blood pressure?

A

measured with sphygmomanometer.

43
Q

Plasma?

A

fluid part of blood. Work to maintain homeostasis.

44
Q

Albumins?

A

Establish osmotic pressure to draw water back into capillaries and help maintain body fluid levels.

45
Q

Globulins?

A

Antibodies. protect against invading microbes.

46
Q

fibrinogens?

A

Help with blood clotting.

47
Q

Red blood cells?

A

Biconcave shape for surface area. do not have nucleus. only live for 120 days.

48
Q

erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen.

49
Q

Hemoglobin?

A

Increases capacity to carry O2. 4 polypeptide subunits.

50
Q

Heme group?

A

Iron containing pigment, oxygen binds.

51
Q

Leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

52
Q

White blood cells?

A

Contain nucleus. Key part of immune system response. Main types-Granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes.

53
Q

Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets. No nucleus, fragments of cells made from bone marrow. Important for blood clotting. It releases thromboplastin which works with Ca2 to activate prothrombin. Fibrin forms mesh leading to blood clot.

54
Q

Antigen?

A

Molecules on the surface of the cell (usually protein) stimulates response from antibodies.

55
Q

antibodies?

A

Protein formed within blood that attaches to antigen.

56
Q

Rhesus factor?

A

the plus or minus in peoples blood types. + means you have the rhesus factor while - means you don’t. Child of + and - rh factor can have hemolytic disease.

57
Q

Lymphatic system function?

A

1) collects excess fluid from body tissue and returns it to bloodstream. 2) Immune function. 3) Lipid absorption.

58
Q

Glycoprotein?

A

polypeptide chain that has barbs attached, usually oligosaccharide. Important for cell to cell recognition. Blood type O has the same structure as A&B except its missing the final monosaccharide which is why it cannot be recognized as a foreigner.

59
Q

Blood donation?

A

Only donate blood cells not plasma as it contains antibodies. Blood type O- is the universal donor and blood type AB+ is the universal recipient.

60
Q
A
61
Q

Blood donation?

A

Only blood is donated not plasma as they contain antibodies. O- universal donor. AB+ universal recipient.

62
Q

Capillary fluid exchange?

A

Occurs between blood and extracellular fluid (ECF). Fluid pressure in ECF is lower than in arteriole, water flows into ECF. Osmotic pressure of blood vessels causes water to flow back into blood vessels.

63
Q

Lymphatic system functions (3)?

A

1) Collect excess fluid from body tissue and return it to the bloodstream. 2) Immune function. 3) Lipid absorption (lacteals).

64
Q

Lymph fluids & vessels?

A

As blood circulates, some proteins and wastes escape from capillaries and begin to accumulate in extracellular fluid.

65
Q

Lymph vessels?

A

Low pressure vessels. Function similarly to veins. Contain valves to prevent back flow of lymph fluid. Muscle contractions move lymph along.

66
Q

Immune function?

A

Lymph nodes located along the lymph vessels. Lymphocytes mature in lymph nodes, they also cleanse material that pass through.

67
Q

Bone marrow?

A

Important for white blood cell production.

68
Q

Thymus?

A

Important site of T cells (T lymphocyte) maturation.

69
Q

Spleen?

A

Filtering site for lymph and act as a reservoir for blood.

70
Q

Lines of defence?

A

Physical barriers, Non-specific defence, specific response (aka mediated immunity).

71
Q

Physical barriers?

A

Keep microbes/pathogens out. Skin, eyelashes, hair, mucus, stomach acid part of it.

72
Q

Lysozyme?

A

Enzyme present in tears, saliva, mucus, and sweat that destroys cell walls of bacteria.

73
Q

Non specific defence?

A

Includes macrophages, inflammatory response, and complement system. Macrophages eat up bacteria via phagocytosis-2 types, monocytes & neutrophils.

74
Q

Specific response?

A

Lymphocytes 2: B-cells and T-cells. Includes antibody-antigen reaction.

Unit D: Heart and Immunity (1 decks)

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