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Heart- E2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The heart

A

A hollow involuntary muscle pump-contains a one way valve system and it’s purpose is to generate pressure which moves blood

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2
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner most covering of heart, covers valves and tendons, continuois with lining of blood vessels

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

The muscle interlacing fibres

Has own blood supply e.g coronary circulation

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

Outer mist layer forms a prrcardial sack
Visceral pericardium is attached to heart
Fused parirtal and fibrous pericardium attach around the great vessels
Pericardial cavity between the layers contain serous fluid to reduce friction

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5
Q

Systemic

A

Left

Recieves from lungs and pumps around body

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6
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Right

Recieves blood from body and pumps to lungs

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7
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves between atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve 3 cusps right hand side- anchors to ventricular wall via choedae tendanae which attaches to papillary muscles

Bicuspid left and 2 cusps

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8
Q

Semilunar valves

A 
Open and close with blood flow prevents blood from going going back into ventricular chamber 
Include
Aortic valve
Pulnorany valve
Both have 3 cusps
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9
Q

Intristic conduction system

A

1) sinoatrial node (pacemaker of heart located in top right atrium) sodium rushes in- if enough comes in then electrical charge changes and an action potential generated
2) AP SPREADS through left and right atrium and down the internodal pathway- atria contract
3) the internodal pathway leads AP to atrioventricular node (AV node) action potential pauses because of repolarisation- heart relaxes
4) atrioventricular node (bundle of His) is reached and splits into left and right AP runs down branches
5) hits purkenje fibres AP wraps up each side of ventricle causing contractual cells to depklarise and therefore contract

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10
Q

Why can atria and ventricles not contract at same time

A

Because pressure would be to high…. so atria does then ventricles do

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11
Q

Diastole

A

heart relaxation- blood is filling vebtricles

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12
Q

Syastole

A

heart contraction - blood is ejected from ventricles

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13
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in 1 minute

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14
Q

Stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped our of ventricle with each heartbeat

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15
Q

Preload

A

Change in degree of ventricular stretch

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16
Q

Contractility

A

Change in cardiac cell contractile force

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17
Q

Afterload

A

Change in back pressure exerted by blood in large arteries leaving heart

18
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force exerted on inner wall of blood vessel, is measured on systemic arteries near the heart.

19
Q

Largest blood pressure occurs at

A

Aorta then arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins, vena cava

20
Q

Blood pressure

Neural control

A

Baroceptors in neck a receptors which change diameter of blood vessels (vasoconstriction etc) in order for arterial pressure to be achieved

21
Q

Blood pressure

Hormonal control

A

Adrenaline (epinphrine) a blood borne chemical acts on smooth muscle- is released from heart when pressure is to high

Also increase sodium output which decreases water retention

22
Q

Blood pressure

Renal control

A

Baroceptors adapt and change to chronic high or low bp .
Increased bp stimulates kidneys to eliminate water thus reducing bp
Decreased bp stimulates kidneys to increase blood volume and bp

23
Q

What r the lower chambers of the heart called

A

Ventricles

24
Q

What is the end diastolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles before it contracts movement from high concentration to low) this is a passive transport process.

25
Q

external respiration (pulmonary circuit)

A

concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than the blood entering the pulmonay capillaries, so it will move into the blood.

26
Q

internal respiration (systemic circuit)

A

In the tissues the concentration of co2 is greater than in the blood entering the systemic capillaries therefore it diffues across membrane.

27
Q

main chemical acting on respiration

A

carbon dioxide it acts directly on chemoreceptors (cells that detect levels of chemicals) in medulla

28
Q

how oxygen is carried in blood

A

travels in blood, attaches to haemaglobin molecules inside RBC’s. The become known as oxyhaemaglobin. This mean the 02 can travel faster

29
Q

how CO2 is carried in blood

A

is carried in plasma as a bicarbonate ion

30
Q

factors that effect ventilation

A
  • emotional- frights, hyperventilation
  • cortical-voluntarily stop e.g swimming
  • physical- increased activity
  • chemical- increased CO2 levels
31
Q

areas of heart quiz

A

https://www.sporcle.com/games/timmylemoine1/heart-anatomy-pc

32
Q

Which chamber has the thickest wall?

A

The left ventricle has the thickest wall containing large amounts of cardiac muscle.

33
Q

Blood returning to the heart via the pulmonary veins enters which chamber?

A

Pulmonary veins deliver (oxygenated) blood to the left atrium.

34
Q

Blood leaving the heart to enter the systemic circulation leaves through which vessel?

A

The systemic arteries are supplied by blood leaving the left ventricle through the AORTA.

35
Q

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

A

There are 4 valves in the heart. These are the left and right atrio-ventricular valves, and the
pulmonary and aortic valves.

36
Q

What does a QRS wave represent in an ECG?

A

The QRS wave represents the electrical signal of depolarisation of the ventricles.

37
Q

What is a typical adult cardiac output at rest?

A

An average adult has a resting cardiac output of approximately 6 litres per minute – or about the
total blood volume in one minute.

38
Q

arteries that directly feed into capillaries are called?

A

arterioles

39
Q

sequence of blood flow

A

right atrium-(tricuspid valve)-right ventricle-lungs- left atrium-(bicuspid)-left ventricle-(aortic semi-lunar)- Aorta

40
Q

during systemic circulation blood leaves the…..?

A

left ventricle and goes directly to aorta

41
Q

the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower region of the body and empties in into

A

right atrium

42
Q

veins are assisted in returning blood to heart by

A
  • the presence of valves
  • changes in pressure in the thorax during respiration
  • strong contraction of muscles in the wall of veins

Heart- E2 (4 decks)

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