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A level Biology - Unit 3 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart?

A

The organ that moves the blood around the body.

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2
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle.

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3
Q

Is this true or false?

The cardiac muscle of the heart doesn’t fatigue.

A

True

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4
Q

Which artery supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood it needs to keep pumping all the time?

A

The coronary artery.

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5
Q

What prevents the heart from over-distending with blood?

A

The inelastic pericardial membranes that surround it.

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6
Q

Which atrium does deoxygenated blood enter the heart? Also, what does it enter via?

A

The right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.

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7
Q

At what pressure does the deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Relatively low pressure.

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8
Q

What thickness of wall do;
the atria have?
the ventricles have?

A

thin muscular walls

thicker muscular walls

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9
Q

Which valve opens to allow blood to pass into the right ventricle from the right atrium?
How does this valve open?

A

The atrio-ventricular valve/ tricuspid valve.

Opens because of the slight pressure build up in the atrium.

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10
Q

What happens once the right atrium and ventricle are both filled with blood?

A

The atrium contracts, forcing all the blood to pass into the ventricle.

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11
Q

How is it that no blood can flow back up into the atria once it has all been passed into the ventricles?

A

As the ventricle contracts, the atrio-ventricular valve shuts, preventing any backflow of blood into the atrium.

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12
Q

What prevents the atrio-ventricular valves from turning inside out when the ventricles contract?

A

Tendinous cords.

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13
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, where does it pump oxygen through and to where?

A

Through the semilunar valves and pulmonary artery.

To the lungs.

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14
Q

Which atrium of the heart does oxygenated blood enter? Also, what does it enter via?

A

Enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.

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15
Q

What is the name of the AV valve between the LEFT atrium and ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve.

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16
Q

When the left ventricle contracts, where is the blood pumped through and to where?

A

Through the semilunar valve into the aorta.

To be transported around the full body.

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17
Q

Which side of the heart has a much thicker muscular wall?

A

The left side of the heart.

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18
Q

Why does the left side of the heart need to be thicker than the right side of the heart? (3 reasons)

A

1) So that is produces sufficient force to overcome the resistance of the aorta, 2) and atrial system of the whole body. 3) Also to move blood under pressure to all the extremities.

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19
Q

What is the septum of the heart?

A

The inner dividing wall of the heart that separates left and right.

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20
Q

Why is the septum of the heart important?

A

It prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

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21
Q

True or False?

The right side of the heart fills and emptys first, then the left side does the same.

A

False.

The right and left side of the heart fill and empty together.

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22
Q

Which side of the heart pumps;
oxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood?

A

Left side

Right side

23
Q

What does the cardiac cycle describe?

A

The events that happen in a single heartbeat.

24
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the heart relaxes.

25
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

Atria and ventricles fill with blood.
Volume and pressure of the heart builds up.
Arteries pressure stays at a minimum.

26
Q

What is systole?

A

The atria contracts, shortly followed by the ventricles.

27
Q

What happens during systole?

A

Pressure inside the heart increases dramatically.
Pressure in arteries is at a maximum.
Volume and pressure in the heart is at a low (at the end of systole).

28
Q

What are heart sounds?

A

Sounds made by the blood pressure closing the heart valves.

29
Q

What are the two sounds of the heartbeat described as?

A

Lub-Dub

30
Q

What does the first sound Lub come from?

A

When the blood is forced against the atrio ventricular valves as the ventricles contract.

31
Q

What does the second sound Dub come from?

A

When a backflow of blood closes the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery as the ventricles relax.

32
Q

What is meant by the heart muscle being myogenic?

A

It has its own intrinsic rhythm.

33
Q

What is the basic rhythm of the heart maintained by?

A

Waves of electrical excitation.

34
Q

Where is the wave of electrical excitation initiated?

A

At the sino-atrial node.

35
Q

When the SAN fires, what happens?

A

The atria are triggered to contact.

36
Q

What prevents the wave of excitation from going straight to the ventricles from the atria?

A

A layer of non-conducting tissue.

37
Q

Where does the wave of excitation go after it has been fired?

A

It is picked up by the atrio ventricualr node (AVN)

38
Q

What happens when the wave is at the AVN?

A

The AVN causes a slight delay before stimulating the bundle of His.

39
Q

Where does the bundle of His take the electrical wave?

A

Down the septum of the heart to the apex.

40
Q

Where do the electrical waves go once at the apex of the heart?

A

To the Purkyne fibres which spread out through both ventricle walls, causing the ventricles to contract.

41
Q

Why is there a delay at the AVN?

A

To make sure the atria have stopped contracting before the ventricles start.

42
Q

What is an electrocardiogram? (ECG)

A

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

43
Q

An ECG doesn’t directly measure the electrical activity of the heart. What does it measure?

A

Tiny electrical differences in the skin that result from the electrical activities of the heart.

44
Q

How are the electrical differences on the skin measured?

A

Electrodes are stuck to clean skin.

45
Q

ECGs are used to help diagnose what?

A

Heart problems.

46
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When the heartbeat is very rapid, over 100 bpm.

47
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When the heart rate slows down to below 60 bpm.

48
Q

When does tachycardia happen? (give 4 examples)

A

when you exercise, get angry or frightened or if you have a fever

49
Q

When does bradycardia happen?

A

when you are fit and train a lot.

50
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

Extra heartbeats that are out of the normal heart rhythm.

51
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Abnormal rhythm of the heart. It is an example of arrhythmia.

52
Q

What is blood pressure affected by?

A

Ventricular contraction

Diameter of blood vessels

53
Q

What is traditionally used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer and a stethascope

A level Biology - Unit 3 (10 decks)

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