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Nicky Heart BMS192 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure of blood pushing backwards against the heart.

After load = BP

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2
Q

What is contractillity?

A

How forcefully a heart muscle fibre can contract.

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3
Q

What is the location of the heart?

A

In the thorax

  • rests on the diaphragm
  • near the midline of the thoracic cavity
  • in the mediastinum
  • between the lungs
  • base is directed posteriorly & to the right
  • apex points inferiorly & to the left
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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double layered sac that surrounds the heart

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

PERICARDIUM
covers the outer surface

MYOCARDIUM
muscular wall of the heart - cardiac muscle tissue

ENDOCARDIUM
covers the inner surface

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6
Q

What are the features of the myocardium?

A
  • atrial walls are thinnest
  • right ventricle thinner than left
  • left ventricle walls are the thickest
  • right & left ventricles pump the same volume of blood with each beat
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7
Q

Where are the heart valves?

A 
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
- between atria & ventricle
- right side is Tricuspid valve
- left side is bicuspid 
( Tri before Bi)

SEMILUNAR VALVES

  • beginning of arteries that leave the heart
  • 3 cusps per valves
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
  • aortic semilunar valve
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8
Q

How is blood supplied to the heart muscle tissue?

A

Coronary circulation

Arteries from the base of the aorta & encircle heart in atrioventricular groove

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9
Q

What are the names & positions of the heart valves?

A

TRICUSPID
- between right atrium & right ventricle

PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE
- start of the pulmonary artery

BICUSPID VALVE (mitral)
- between left atrium & left ventricle

AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE
- start of the aorta

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10
Q

What is the order of blood flow through the heart?

A

Vena cave -> R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> L atrium -> bicuspid valve -> L ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic circulation

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11
Q

What do the heart sounds represent?

A

‘Lubb-Dubb’ represents turbulent blood flow caused be heart valves closing

Sound 1
Lubb= long, AV valve closing
Dubb= short, SL valve closing

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12
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

SYSTOLE
contraction

DIASTOLE
relaxation

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13
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

VENTRICLES RELAXED
blood flows back towards the heart in the pulmonary trunk & aorta

SEMILUNAR VALVE CLOSES
pressure within the ventricles decreases below the pressure of the atria

AV VALVES OPEN
ventricles fill with blood

TOWARDS END OF DIASTOLE
the 2 atria contract

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14
Q

What is preload?

A

How much blood is in the ventricle & how stretched the ventricle is.

More blood in the ventricle = more stretched the ventricle

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15
Q

When will each heart valve open & close?

A
  • open to allow blood to flow through
  • close to prevent back flow

Ventricles relaxed

  • AV opens
  • SL closed

Ventricles constrict

  • AV closed
  • SL opens
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16
Q

What is end- diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

The amount of blood in ventricles just prior to the ventricle contraction

Approx 130ml

  • shorter the time for ventricle filling= less EDV will be
  • more efficient venous return = great EDV will be
17
Q

What happens during systole?

A
  • ventricles contract as atria relax
  • pushes blood against AV valve, forcing then to close
  • when pressure in ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries, the SL valves open
  • blood is ejected from ventricles into pulmonary trunk & aorta
18
Q

What end-systolic volume (ESV)?

A

The amount of blood left in the ventricles at the end of systole.

  • at rest, volume of blood ejected from the ventricles is approx 70ml
  • at rest, ESV is approx 60ml
  • the stronger the ventricles contract, the smaller the ESV will be
19
Q

What is an intercalated disc & what is its purpose in cardiac muscle?

A

Hold cells together as the heart muscle contracts to form a functional syncytium

20
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Recording of the electrical changes that accompany a heart beat.

21
Q

What do the waves of the ECG mean?

A

P Wave
- atrial depolarisation

QRS Complex
- ventricular depolarisation

T Wave
- ventricular repolarisation

22
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart & in to the systemic circuit per minute

23
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out with each heart beat

24
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute

25
Q

How are cardiac output, stroke volume & heart rate inter-related?

A

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
CO = HR X SV

If HR increases, less time for ventricular filling & SV will decrease

26
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

SV= the amount of blood in the ventricles just before contraction (EDV), minus the amount of blood left in ventricles after contraction (ESV)

SV= EDV - ESV
eg. 130ml - 60ml = 70ml

27
Q

Where is the cardiac control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

Controls HR & strength of ventricular contractions.

Nicky Heart BMS192 (1 decks)

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