Heart

Question 1

Positive inotropic factors

Answer 1

Calcium, glucagon, epinephrine, thyroxine, digitalis and sympathetic divisions of the ANS

Question 2

Negative inotropic factors

Answer 2

anoxia, acidosis, potassium, some anesthetics, calcium channel blockers and the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 3

3 factors that affect SV

Answer 3

1. Preload
2. Contractility
3. Afterload

Question 4

What is CO and its variables

Answer 4

Cardiac input–> Heart Rate and Stroke Volume

Question 5

The average SV at rest

Answer 5

70ml/beat

Question 6

Average heart rhythm `

Answer 6

75 beats/ min

Question 7

Refractory period of the heart

Answer 7

250ms`

Question 8

The heart begins at what voltage

Answer 8

-90mV

Question 9

Define arrhythmia

Answer 9

any deviation from the normal sinus rhythm

Question 10

Define Ectopic focus

Answer 10

when cells other than the SA node act as the pacemaker

Question 11

Define fibrillation

Answer 11

when there is absolutely no regular rhythm

Question 12

P wave represents

Answer 12

Atrial depolarization

Question 13

QRS wave represents

Answer 13

Ventricle depolarization

Question 14

T wave represents

Answer 14

ventricular depolarization

Question 15

Lub sound is due to

Answer 15

AV valves closing

Question 16

Dub sound is due to

Answer 16

SL valves closing

Question 17

Define stenosis

Answer 17

valves not opening all the way

Question 18

Define prolapse

Answer 18

Valve flaps not sealing

Question 19

Auscultation

Answer 19

Listening to the body for diagnostics

Question 20

Diastole

Answer 20

Period of heart relaxing

Question 21

Systole

Answer 21

Period of heart contacting

Question 22

Refractory period of the heart

Answer 22

250ms

Question 23

What is SV

Answer 23

Stroke volume- amount of blood ejected by one ventricular contraction

Question 24

What is cardiac reserve

Answer 24

Difference between resting co and max co

4X as much for norm

Question 25

EDV

Answer 25

End diastolic volume | Affected by filling time and rate of venous return

Question 26

What is preload

Answer 26

degree of stretching of the ventricle walls during diastole, due to EDV

Question 27

What is contractility

Answer 27

the force produced at a given preload

Question 28

What is afterload

Answer 28

the pressure that must be exceeded for the SL valves to open

Question 29

Where are the cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory centers located

Answer 29

the medulla oblongata

Question 30

Cardioinhibityory center releases what

Answer 30

ACh- acetylcholine

Question 31

Cardioacceleratory center releases what

Answer 31

NE- norepinephrine

Question 32

An increase in calcium will

Answer 32

increase HR

Question 33

An increase in potassium will

Answer 33

Decrease HR

Question 34

Define Isovolumetric contraction

Answer 34

all 4 valves are closed

Question 35

All the coronary veins empty into the

Answer 35

coronary sinus

Question 36

Where does the ant. Cardiac vein empty into

Answer 36

R. Atrium

Question 37

Define Atherosclerosis

Answer 37

plaque build up in the coronary arteries

Question 38

Define Coronary Ischemia

Answer 38

decrease in blood flow to heart muscle

Question 39

Hypoxia

Answer 39

low oxygen levels

Question 40

angina pectoris

Answer 40

chest pain

Question 41

anoxia

Answer 41

no oxygen

Question 42

myocardial infarction MI

Answer 42

heart attack

Question 43

What is the sinoatrial node

Answer 43

pacemaker | depol rate of 75 bpm

Question 44

What is the Atrioventricular node

Answer 44

depol rate of 40-60 bpm | delayed to give the atria time to finish contacting before the ventricles begin