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Patho Test 2 > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of heart disease commonly elicited during hx

A

Angina, Orthopnea, Palpitations, Edema, Fatigue & Weakness,

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2
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain d/t hypoxia

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3
Q

Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing in recumbant position

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4
Q

Palpitations

A

being aware of heart beating; have to change rate, regularity, force of contraction in some way to make you be aware of it

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5
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

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6
Q

Peripheral Edema

A

may be indication of cardiovascular disease;congestive Heart Failure. Seen in damage to R side of heart

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7
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Seen with damage to L side of heart

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8
Q

Fatigue and Weakness

A

decreased muscle perfusion d/t change in cardiac output (decreased CO2 decrease in perfusion)

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9
Q

stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by one ventrivle duringeach heart beat. SV=EDV-ESV

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10
Q

Good Stroke volume for adult

A

approx. 70mL

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11
Q

Bad Stroke Volume for Adult

A

approx. 40 mL

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12
Q

Hypertension vs. Hypotension

A

140/90 HTN; 120/80 Norm; 90/60 HoTN

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13
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

difference btw systolic and diastolic. 120/80 PP=40

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14
Q

Korotkoff 1st sound

A
  1. Snapping sound first heard at the systolic pressure. Clear tapping, repetitive sounds for at least two consecutive beats is considered the systolic pressure.
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15
Q

Korotkoff 2nd sound

A

sounds are the murmurs heard for most of the area between the systolic and diastolic pressures

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16
Q

Korotkoff 3rd sound

A

A loud, crisp tapping sound.

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17
Q

Korotkoff 4th sound

A

at pressures within 10 mmHg above the diastolic blood pressure, were described as “thumping” and “muting”.

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18
Q

Korotkoff 5th sound

A

sound is silence as the cuff pressure drops below the diastolic blood pressure. The disappearance of sound is considered diastolic blood pressure – two mm Hg above the last sound heard.

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19
Q

Define Pulse Pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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20
Q

Calculate Pulse Pressure for 120/80

A

40

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21
Q

Kussmaul’s sign

A

increased venous pressure with inspiration opposite of what it should be (decrease) = (big jugular veins); deep rapid respiration commonly seen in conditions causing acidosis

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22
Q

s1 Lub sound correlates with

A

onset of venticular systole

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23
Q

S1 sound what is closing

A

AV Valves

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24
Q

gallop rhythm

A

3rd heart sound due to rapid ventricle filling; blood rushing into ventricle

25
Q

atrial gallop

A

4th heart sound heard when there is increased ventricle resistance to atrial filling

26
Q

friction rub

A

extra cardiac sound, also; rubbing together of inflamed viscera

extra cardiac sound, also; rubbing together of inflamed viscera

extra cardiac sound, also; rubbing together of inflamed viscera

extra cardiac sound, also; rubbing together of inflamed viscera Fibro pirulent exudate

27
Q

EKG

A

noninvasive way to gain info about electrical activity of heart and

28
Q

P Wave

A

atrial depolarization

29
Q

Wide Pwave

A

hypertrophy of the muscle so depolarization is taking longer (contracting)

30
Q

Inverted P wave

A

impulse is not starting at the SA node, look for a slower HR as well

31
Q

P-R Interval

A

Transmission of impulse thru atria, naturally slowed at the AV node; determines Heart Block; NORMAL 0.1-0.2

32
Q

1st degree heart block

A

longer than normal p-r interval (0.1-0.2)

0.4 seconds

33
Q

2nd &3rd degree heart block

A

longer time to get through to SA node. 3rd degree completly blocked impulse not getting to SA node

34
Q

Longer/wider PR interval

A

Heart block is occurring, block of conduction not physical block. Length corresponds to what degree of heart block

35
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricle depolarization

36
Q

QRS wider

A

hypertrophy of the muscle so depolarization takes longer

37
Q

QRS Double

A

ventricles not synchronized; bundle branch block in one ventricle

38
Q

ST Segment

A

Time btw depolarization and repolarizing; isoelectric

39
Q

Depressed ST segment

A

myocardial ischemia

40
Q

elevated st segment

A

Myocardial infarction

41
Q

T wave

A

ventricle repolarization

42
Q

Twave inverted

A

ischemia; pt needs oxygen

43
Q

Twave flattened

A

Hypervolemia less K+

44
Q

spiked T wave

A

ventricle is repolarizing more quickly; correlated with INCREASED K+ HYPERKALEMIA

45
Q

4 Determinants of Myocardial Oxygen demand

A

Rate, Force, Muscle Mass, Ventricle Wall Tension

46
Q

Rate

A

greater HR, greater demand O2

47
Q

Force

A

more forcefully contracted, the more O2 it needs

48
Q

Muscle Mass

A

more muscle; more O2 it needs

49
Q

Ventricle Wall Tension

A

more tension muscle exerts the more O2 it requires

50
Q

Cardiac Ischemia

A

demand of oxygen is greater than supply

51
Q

MI affects which ventricle

A

Left

52
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis most likely to develop where?

A

hardening of the arteries ususally not in straightaway happens where vessles curve or branch

53
Q

Explain the development of Atherosceirotic lesions

A

caused by lipid and fibrous calcium deposited in the vessels; slowly narrows the vessels; vessel loses ability to dilate in order to increase O2 supply in Left Ventricle for this tissue

54
Q

4 Risk factors for Coronary artherosclerosis

A

Age, Race (African American), Family(runs in family may be d/t environment), Sex (F: immune before menopause- after menopause >risk than males. Younger female w/ CAD more likely to die

55
Q

1 symptom for pre-memopause women for CAD

A

Nausea

56
Q

Other risk factors for CAD

A

hyperlipidemia(cholesterol & triglycerides

57
Q

VLDL to CAD

A

very low density lipoproteins – little bit of protein and whole lot of triglyceride); triglycerides unclear how they give increase for coronary artery disease

58
Q

LDL to CAD

A

Lots of Cholesterol & little protien High LDL=High Risk for CAD

59
Q

HDL to CAD

A

Litlle Cholesterol and lots of protien; High HDL=No CAD or little risk

Patho Test 2 (2 decks)

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