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HEART Flashcards

1
Q

The Pericardium

A

i. fibrous pericardium:

the layered, protective membranes surrounding the heart

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2
Q

The Pericardium

A

ii. Serous pericardium (3 layers):

  1. parietal layer (outer)- deep to the fibrous pericardium
  2. pericardial cavity- filled with lubricating serous fluid
  3. visceral layer- inner most layer: adheres to the heart wall, AKA epicardium
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3
Q

The heart wall

A

Epicardium- AKA the visceral pericardium, reduces friction

Myocardium- composed of cardiac muscle

Endocardium- lines the inside of the heart chambers

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4
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. right atrium

a. receives deoxygenated blood from: SVC, IVC, & Coronary sinus

b. sends deoxygenated blood to right ventricle via the tricuspid valve

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5
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Left atrium

a. receives oxygenated blood from: 4 pulmonary veins

b. sends oxygenated blood to the left ventricle via the bicuspid or mitral valve

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6
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Pectinate muscles: in right and left atria; comb like atrial wall muscles
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7
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Interatrial septum: anatomical wall that separates the atria
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8
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Fossa ovalis: indentation, used to be the foramen ovalis as fetuses
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9
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. right ventricle - pulmonary circuit system: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

a. receives deoxygenated blood from: right atrium via the tricuspid valve

b. sends deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs

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10
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. left ventricles- systemic pump: pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

a. received oxygenated blood from: left atrium via the bicuspid or mitral valve

b. sends oxygenated blood to: aorta via the aortic valve –> systemic circuit (rest of body)

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11
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. trabeculae carneae: ventricular wall muscles
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12
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. papillary muscles: nipple-shaped muscles that anchor the chordae tendineae
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13
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. chordae tendineae: tendinous cords that pull valves open
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14
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. interventricular septum: anatomical wall that separates the ventricles
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15
Q

heart valves

A

atrioventricular valves (AV valves) [between the atria and ventricles]

  1. tricuspid valve: the right av valve
  2. bicuspid or mitral valve: the left av valve
  3. when ventricles relax: they are open
  4. when ventricles contract: they are closed
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16
Q

heart valves

A

semilunar valves (SL valves) [at the base of major arteries]

  1. pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  2. aortic valve: between the left ventricle and aorta
  3. when ventricles relax: they are closed
  4. when ventricles contract: they are open
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17
Q

Pulmonary circuit (is the blood going from your heart to your lungs and back to the heart)

A

deoxygenated blood from the SVC, IVC, and CS enter the right atrium.

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18
Q

Pulmonary circuit (is the blood going from your heart to your lungs and back to the heart)

A

deoxygenated blood from the ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary truck that splits up into the pulmonary arteries and sent to the lungs to be oxygenated.

19
Q

systemic circuit

A

oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins enters the left atrium.

20
Q

systemic circuit

A

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta to be send to the rest of the body

21
Q

coronary circuit

A

coronary arteries: deliver oxygenated blood from the aorta to the myocardium

22
Q

coronary circuit

A

coronary veins: drain deoxygenated blood into the coronary sinus

23
Q

coronary sinus

A

drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

24
Q

autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates

A

i. generates their own action potentials (“auto”=self, “rhythmic”=rhythm)

ii. THE source of stimuli for the cardiac muscle cells: Na+, Ca2+, K+

iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern:

25
autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates
iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern: 1. reaching threshold: "pacemaker potential" - increase sodium ion influxes and brings the cell towards threshold -60mV to -40mV
26
autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates
iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern: 2. Depolarization: Ca+2 influxes (inflow: up) -40mV to +0mV
27
autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates
iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern: 3. repolarization: K+ effluxes (outflow: down) +0mV to -60mV
28
myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)
i. depolarization: Na+ influxes (inflow: up) rapidly: fast flow of sodium into cell -90mV to +30mV
29
myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)
ii. plateau: Ca+ influxes (inflow: up): calcium entering into cell slowly. little change to mV.
30
myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)
iii. repolarization: K+ effluxes (outflow: down) - potassium out. +mV back to -90mV
31
The intrinsic conduction system of the heart AV=SHUT SL=OPEN
i. sinoatrial (SA node) or pacemaker: action potentials travel through atrial walls, towards the AV node. ii. result: atria contract iii. atrioventricular (AV node: action potentials are conducted from the AV node to 1. bundle of His 2. left and right bundle branches 3. Purkinje fibers iv. Result: ventricles contract
32
the ECG
i. function: to detect electrical activity of the heart ii. P-wave: atrial depolarization (up) means the SA node is functioning iii. QRS- complex: ventricular depolarization (up) means AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers are functional iv. T-wave: ventricular repolarization (down)
33
cardia cycle and the production of heart sounds phase 1: AV= open SL= closed
phase 1: atrial diastole and ventricular filling atria= is relaxed (diastole) AV valves= are open to fill ventricles ventricles= are relaxed SL valves= have to be closed to prevent backflow heart sounds= quiet because no valves are snapping shut ventricular pressure= is low ventricular volume= is rising
34
cardia cycle and the production of heart sounds phase 2: AV=open SL=closed
phase 2: atrial systole and ventricular filling atria=contract (systole) AV valves= are open ventricles= are relaxed SL valves= are closed heart sounds= are quiet ventricular pressure= low ventricular volume= rising
35
cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds phase 3: AV=closed SL=closed *Here the volume of blood in both ventricles are equal
phase 3: isovolumic contractions atria= relaxed AV valves= are closed and we get the "lub dub" sound ventricles=contract SL valves= closed heart sounds= "S1 "lub" ventricular pressure= is rising ventricular volume = is high (EDV= end of diastolic volume)
36
cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds phase 4: AV=closed SL=open *Blood is ejected
phase 4: ventricular systole (still in diastole) atria=relaxed AV valves= closed ventricles= contract SL valves= open heart sounds= quiet ventricular pressure= high ventricular volume= dropped
37
cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds phase 5: AV=closed SL=closed *Equal volume
phase 5: isovolumic relaxation atria=relaxed AV valves= closed ventricles= relaxed SL valves= closed heart sounds= S2 "dub" ventricular pressure= low ventricular volume=low
38
cardiac output
volume of blood being pumped out by 1 ventricle in 1 minute (L/min) CO=HR X SV
39
heart rate
number of beats in 1 minute (BPM) moving=goes up CO= goes up
40
factors that affect HR
1. chronotropic agent: any factor that changes HR chrono=time tropic=rate Positive chronotropic: speed up HR - EPI & NE (adrenaline rush) - Caffeine (stimulant) - nicotine (stimulant) - cocaine (stimulant) negative chronotropic: slows down HR - ACH (acetacholine) (put you in resting and digesting) - beta- blockers (blocks beta receptors, prevents you from receiving EPI & NE
41
factors that affect HR
2. autonomic reflexes a. sympathetic nervous system: autonomic nervous system, fight or flight. autonomic and involuntary functions b. parasympathetic nervous system: rest and digest, responsible for the physical activities that happen in the body when it's at rest without conscious effect.
42
stroke volume
factors that affect stroke volume: 1. pre-load: venous return- how much blood fills the heart Frank-Starling Law- increased blood volume entering the heart= increased myocardial stretch
43
stroke volume
factors that affect stroke volume: 2. inotropic agents: positive inotropic: will increase contractility - EPI & NE - Digoxin -Dopamine negative inotropic: will decrease contractility - beta blockers (slow HR, block EPI & NE) - calcium channel blockers (block your action potentials) - elevated K+/ hyperkalemia (K+ is responsible to repolarization, your heart becomes too relaxed, increased K+= hyperkalemia
44
stroke volume
3. afterload: aorta and pulmonary trunks resistance to ventricular ejection *To the blood already ejected out

A&PII (4 decks)

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