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A&PII > HEART > Flashcards

HEART Flashcards

1
Q

The Pericardium

A

i. fibrous pericardium:

the layered, protective membranes surrounding the heart

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2
Q

The Pericardium

A

ii. Serous pericardium (3 layers):

  1. parietal layer (outer)- deep to the fibrous pericardium
  2. pericardial cavity- filled with lubricating serous fluid
  3. visceral layer- inner most layer: adheres to the heart wall, AKA epicardium
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3
Q

The heart wall

A

Epicardium- AKA the visceral pericardium, reduces friction

Myocardium- composed of cardiac muscle

Endocardium- lines the inside of the heart chambers

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4
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. right atrium

a. receives deoxygenated blood from: SVC, IVC, & Coronary sinus

b. sends deoxygenated blood to right ventricle via the tricuspid valve

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5
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Left atrium

a. receives oxygenated blood from: 4 pulmonary veins

b. sends oxygenated blood to the left ventricle via the bicuspid or mitral valve

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6
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Pectinate muscles: in right and left atria; comb like atrial wall muscles
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7
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Interatrial septum: anatomical wall that separates the atria
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8
Q

Chambers of the heart (atria)

A

atria: receiving chambers (entry point of blood)

  1. Fossa ovalis: indentation, used to be the foramen ovalis as fetuses
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9
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. right ventricle - pulmonary circuit system: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

a. receives deoxygenated blood from: right atrium via the tricuspid valve

b. sends deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk via the pulmonary valve –> pulmonary arteries –> lungs

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10
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. left ventricles- systemic pump: pumps the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

a. received oxygenated blood from: left atrium via the bicuspid or mitral valve

b. sends oxygenated blood to: aorta via the aortic valve –> systemic circuit (rest of body)

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11
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. trabeculae carneae: ventricular wall muscles
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12
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. papillary muscles: nipple-shaped muscles that anchor the chordae tendineae
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13
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. chordae tendineae: tendinous cords that pull valves open
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14
Q

Chambers of the heart (ventricle)

A

Ventricles: “ejecting chambers”

  1. interventricular septum: anatomical wall that separates the ventricles
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15
Q

heart valves

A

atrioventricular valves (AV valves) [between the atria and ventricles]

  1. tricuspid valve: the right av valve
  2. bicuspid or mitral valve: the left av valve
  3. when ventricles relax: they are open
  4. when ventricles contract: they are closed
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16
Q

heart valves

A

semilunar valves (SL valves) [at the base of major arteries]

  1. pulmonary valve: between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  2. aortic valve: between the left ventricle and aorta
  3. when ventricles relax: they are closed
  4. when ventricles contract: they are open
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17
Q

Pulmonary circuit (is the blood going from your heart to your lungs and back to the heart)

A

deoxygenated blood from the SVC, IVC, and CS enter the right atrium.

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18
Q

Pulmonary circuit (is the blood going from your heart to your lungs and back to the heart)

A

deoxygenated blood from the ventricle is pumped into the pulmonary truck that splits up into the pulmonary arteries and sent to the lungs to be oxygenated.

19
Q

systemic circuit

A

oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins enters the left atrium.

20
Q

systemic circuit

A

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta to be send to the rest of the body

21
Q

coronary circuit

A

coronary arteries: deliver oxygenated blood from the aorta to the myocardium

22
Q

coronary circuit

A

coronary veins: drain deoxygenated blood into the coronary sinus

23
Q

coronary sinus

A

drains deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

24
Q

autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates

A

i. generates their own action potentials (“auto”=self, “rhythmic”=rhythm)

ii. THE source of stimuli for the cardiac muscle cells: Na+, Ca2+, K+

iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern:

25
Q

autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates

A

iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern:

  1. reaching threshold: “pacemaker potential” - increase sodium ion influxes and brings the cell towards threshold -60mV to -40mV
26
Q

autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates

A

iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern:

  1. Depolarization: Ca+2 influxes (inflow: up)

-40mV to +0mV

27
Q

autorhythmic cells: clusters of non-contractile cells that create basal/ resting heart rates

A

iii. the action potentials created by these cells follow this pattern:

  1. repolarization: K+ effluxes (outflow: down)

+0mV to -60mV

28
Q

myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)

A

i. depolarization: Na+ influxes (inflow: up) rapidly: fast flow of sodium into cell

-90mV to +30mV

29
Q

myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)

A

ii. plateau: Ca+ influxes (inflow: up): calcium entering into cell slowly. little change to mV.

30
Q

myocardial cells: contractile cells of the myocardium (only difference from autorhythmic cells is the time)

A

iii. repolarization: K+ effluxes (outflow: down) - potassium out.

+mV back to -90mV

31
Q

The intrinsic conduction system of the heart

AV=SHUT
SL=OPEN

A

i. sinoatrial (SA node) or pacemaker: action potentials travel through atrial walls, towards the AV node.

ii. result: atria contract

iii. atrioventricular (AV node: action potentials are conducted from the AV node to

   1. bundle of His
   2. left and right bundle branches
   3. Purkinje fibers

iv. Result: ventricles contract

32
Q

the ECG

A

i. function: to detect electrical activity of the heart

ii. P-wave: atrial depolarization (up) means the SA node is functioning

iii. QRS- complex: ventricular depolarization (up) means AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers are functional

iv. T-wave: ventricular repolarization (down)

33
Q

cardia cycle and the production of heart sounds

phase 1:

AV= open
SL= closed

A

phase 1: atrial diastole and ventricular filling

atria= is relaxed (diastole)
AV valves= are open to fill ventricles
ventricles= are relaxed
SL valves= have to be closed to prevent backflow
heart sounds= quiet because no valves are snapping shut
ventricular pressure= is low
ventricular volume= is rising

34
Q

cardia cycle and the production of heart sounds

phase 2:

AV=open
SL=closed

A

phase 2: atrial systole and ventricular filling

atria=contract (systole)
AV valves= are open
ventricles= are relaxed
SL valves= are closed
heart sounds= are quiet
ventricular pressure= low
ventricular volume= rising

35
Q

cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds

phase 3:

AV=closed
SL=closed

*Here the volume of blood in both ventricles are equal

A

phase 3: isovolumic contractions

atria= relaxed
AV valves= are closed and we get the “lub dub” sound
ventricles=contract
SL valves= closed
heart sounds= “S1 “lub”
ventricular pressure= is rising
ventricular volume = is high (EDV= end of diastolic volume)

36
Q

cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds

phase 4:

AV=closed
SL=open

*Blood is ejected

A

phase 4: ventricular systole (still in diastole)

atria=relaxed
AV valves= closed
ventricles= contract
SL valves= open
heart sounds= quiet
ventricular pressure= high
ventricular volume= dropped

37
Q

cardiac cycle and the production of heart sounds

phase 5:

AV=closed
SL=closed

*Equal volume

A

phase 5: isovolumic relaxation

atria=relaxed
AV valves= closed
ventricles= relaxed
SL valves= closed
heart sounds= S2 “dub”
ventricular pressure= low
ventricular volume=low

38
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood being pumped out by 1 ventricle in 1 minute (L/min)

CO=HR X SV

39
Q

heart rate

A

number of beats in 1 minute (BPM)

moving=goes up
CO= goes up

40
Q

factors that affect HR

A
  1. chronotropic agent: any factor that changes HR

chrono=time
tropic=rate

Positive chronotropic: speed up HR
- EPI & NE (adrenaline rush)
- Caffeine (stimulant)
- nicotine (stimulant)
- cocaine (stimulant)

negative chronotropic: slows down HR
- ACH (acetacholine) (put you in resting and digesting)
- beta- blockers (blocks beta receptors, prevents you from receiving EPI & NE

41
Q

factors that affect HR

A
  1. autonomic reflexes

a. sympathetic nervous system: autonomic nervous system, fight or flight. autonomic and involuntary functions

b. parasympathetic nervous system: rest and digest, responsible for the physical activities that happen in the body when it’s at rest without conscious effect.

42
Q

stroke volume

A

factors that affect stroke volume:

  1. pre-load: venous return- how much blood fills the heart
    Frank-Starling Law- increased blood volume entering the heart= increased myocardial stretch
43
Q

stroke volume

A

factors that affect stroke volume:

  1. inotropic agents:

positive inotropic: will increase contractility
- EPI & NE
- Digoxin
-Dopamine

negative inotropic: will decrease contractility
- beta blockers (slow HR, block EPI & NE)
- calcium channel blockers (block your action potentials)
- elevated K+/ hyperkalemia (K+ is responsible to repolarization, your heart becomes too relaxed, increased K+= hyperkalemia

44
Q

stroke volume

A
  1. afterload: aorta and pulmonary trunks resistance to ventricular ejection

*To
the blood already ejected out

A&PII (4 decks)

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