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NMBEANATOMY > HEART > Flashcards

HEART Flashcards

1
Q

Heart is located in the ________ mediastinum

A

Inferior middle

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2
Q

Pericardium is made up of the following layers…

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of Serous pericardium
Visceral layer of Serous pericardium

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3
Q

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium forms the ______of the heart wall and the roots of the great vessels

A

epicardium

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4
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

acute compression of the heart caused by a rapid accumulation of fluid or blood in the pericardial cavity from wounds to the heart or pericardial effusion

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5
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Passage of fluid from the pericardial capillaries into the pericardial space where it accumulates and compresses the heart

*results from inflammation caused by acute pericarditis

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6
Q

What does cardiac tamponade cause and what are symptoms?

A

Cardiac tamponade causes compression of venous return to the heart resulting in :

*decreased diastolic capacity (ventricular filling)
*reduced cardiac output with an increased heart rate
*increased venous pressure with jugular vein distension
*hepatic enlargement
*Peripheral edema

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7
Q

What are signs of pericardial effusion?

A

*enlarged heart
*a water bottle appearance of the cardiac silhouette
*faint heart sounds
*vanished apex beat

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8
Q

How is periocardiocentesis performed?

A

a needle is inserted into the pericardial cavity through the fifth intercostal space left to the sternum

*****Because of cardiac notch, the needle misses the pleura and lungs but it penetrates the pericardium

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9
Q

What is precordial pain?

A

Precordial pain, which may be pleuritic or non-pleuritic, is often felt to the left over the trapezius ridge and over the scapula and may radiate down to the arm and become worse on movement. Pain may be referred towards the diaphragm [31] and is more common in acute pericarditis than in the indolent form.

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10
Q

Pericarditis may result in ?

A

*Cardiac tamponade
*Pericardial effusion

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11
Q

What are signs of pericarditis?

A

*Precordial and epigastric pain
*PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB (pericardial murmur)
*dysphagia
*dyspnea
*cough
*inspiratory chest pain
*paradoxic pulse

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12
Q

What is paradoxic pulse?

A

Pulsus paradoxus is an abnormal drop in systolic blood pressure when you breathe in. It’s a sign of a heart or lung issue.

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13
Q

What is pericardial friction rub/pericardial murmur?

A

*SIGN OF ACUTE PERICARDITIS

*surfaces of the pericardium become rough and the resulting friction sounds like the rustle of silk which can be heard on auscultation

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14
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

potential space between the VISCERAL LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM (EPICARDIUM) and the PARIETAL LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM

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15
Q

What is important about the Transverse Pericardial Sinus to a surgeon?

A

Surgeon can pass a finger and isolate the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and apply a temporary ligature or clamp.

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16
Q

Where is the Transverse Pericardial Sinus located?

A

*Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

*Anterior to SVC

*Superior to left atrium and pulmonary veins

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17
Q

Where is the Oblique Pericardial Sinus located?

A

Behind the heart and between the right and left pulmonary veins

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18
Q

What is the apex of the heart and where is it located?

A

*formed by left ventricle

*left 5th intercostal space slightly medial to midclavicular (nipple) line

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19
Q

What can be ausculated at the area of the apex of the heart?

A

Mitral valve

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20
Q

Where can you ausculate mitral valve?

A

Left 5th intercostal space just medial to midclavicular line

21
Q

What is base of the heart?

A

*posterior aspect of the heart

*Primarily formed by the left atrium
-only partly by posterior rt atrium

22
Q

What forms the right (acute) border of the heart?

A

*SVC

*Right atrium

*IVC

23
Q

What forms Left (obtuse) border of heart?

A

Left Ventricle

24
Q

Name 3 layers of the heart wall

A

*endocardium
*myodcardium
*epicardium

25
Q

What is Coronary Sulcus?

A

groove on external surface of the heart that marks the division between the atria and ventricles

26
Q

Name the valve that separates right atrium and left atrium

A

Tricuspid valve

27
Q

Name the valve that separates left atrium and left ventricel

A

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

28
Q

How does right atrium differ than left atrium?

A

Right atrium is larger but has thinner wall

Right atrium has pectinate muscles throughout

Left atrium has smooth walls except for a few pectinate muscles in the auricle

29
Q

What is the Crista Terminalis?

A

Vertical ridge on the interior wall of the right atrium that separates the sinus venarum from the remainder of the right atrium

30
Q

Crista Terminalis serves as a good marker to locate ?

A

SA node

31
Q

Sulcus terminalis (groove on outside of right atrium) corresponds marks the junction of the primitive sinus venous with the atrium in the embryo and corresponds to ? on the internal heart surface

A

Crista Terminalis

32
Q

What is sinus venarum?

A

Smooth walled area into which the SVC and IVC, coronary sinus, and anterior cardiac veins open

33
Q

How does right atrial pressure compare to left atrial pressure?

A

Right atrial pressure is normally slightly lower than the left atrial pressure

34
Q

What and where is the right auricle?

A

Conical muscular pouch of the upper anterior portion of the right atrium which covers the first part of the right coronary artery

35
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located in the interior of both auricles

36
Q

What is the Crista Terminalis

A

*Vertical muscular ridge along the right atria wall from opening of SVC to opening of IVC

*provides origin of pectinate muscles

*represents junction between primitive sinus venarum and right atrium

37
Q

What are the Venae Cordis Minimae?

A

Smallest cardiac veins which begin in endocardium and inner myocardium

38
Q

What is the Fossa Ovalis and where is it found?

A

*Depression in the interatrial septum and represents the site where foramen ovale used to be

39
Q

What is foramen ovale?

A

Opening where blood flows from right atrium to left atrium before birth

40
Q

What is location of left atrium?

A

Left atrium is MOST POSTERIOR of chambers

Posterior to right atrium

Anterior to esophagus

41
Q

Which chamber of the heart makes up the major portion of the anterior (sternocostal) surface of heart?

A

Right Ventricle

42
Q

What and Where are Trabecular Carneae Cordis found?

A

Anastomosing muscular ridges found in Ventricles

43
Q

Where are papillary muscles found?

A

*Ventricles

44
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles in the right ventricle?

A

They contract to tighten the chordae tendineae thus preventing the cusps of tricuspid valve from being everted into atrium during ventricular contractions. This prevents regurgitation of ventricular blood into right atrium.

45
Q

What is the Conus Arteriosus (Infundibulum)?

A

Upper smooth-walled portion of the right ventricle which leads to the pulmonary trunk

46
Q

What is the Moderator band (Septomarginal Trabecular) and where is it found?

A

*Right ventricle

*prevents over distension of the ventricle

*Carries the AV bundle from septum to sternocostal wall of ventricle thus COORDINATES CONTRACTIONS

47
Q

How many openings for pulmonary veins does the left atrium have?

A

four

48
Q

Myocardial infarction is most commonly cause by ?

A

Thrombus or embolus in coronary arteries

49
Q

What are symptoms of Myocardial infarction?

A

NMBEANATOMY (3 decks)

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