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Anatomy and Physiology II > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How do the heart muscles contract together like one muscle?

A

Gap junctions allow them to function as a syncytium

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2
Q

What are gap junctions? How do they relate to cardiac muscle?

A

Special intracellular connections that allow ions to pass and help send signals to other cells to contract cardiac muscle.

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3
Q

What do desmosomes do in cardiac muscle?

A

Maintain structural integrity and anchor the cells together.

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4
Q

What are intercalated discs and what do they do in cardiac muscle?

A
  • Specialized structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells together.
  • Contain specialized junctions like desmosomes and gap junctions.
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5
Q

How big is the heart?

A

Approximately the size of a fist.

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum

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7
Q

What is the heart enclosed in?

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

What protects, anchors and prevents overfilling in the heart?

A

Superficial Fibrous Pericardium

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9
Q

How many layers does the serous pericardium have? What are they? Where are they located?

A
  • 2
  • Parietal Layer: lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral Layer: lines external surface of heart
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10
Q

What is the visceral layer also known as? Where is it located?

A
  • Epicardium
  • On external surface of heart
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11
Q

What separates the parietal and visceral layer? What is the function of this?

A
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Contains serous fluid which lubricates pericardium and reduces friction as heart beats.
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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart (innermost-outermost)? And their functions?

A

Endocardium - contains endothelial cells for smooth surface that allows blood to flow easily through heart

Myocardium - contain cardiac muscle cells, anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports great vessels and valves

Epicardium - visceral pericardium, CT for protection and support, contains blood vessels and nerve fibers to supply heart with O2 and nutrients.

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13
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

2 atrium (left and right), 2 ventricles (left and right)

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14
Q

What encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles?

A

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

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15
Q

What vessels enter the right atrium? Left atrium?

A
  • Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary sinus
  • Right and left pulmonary veins
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16
Q

What vessel leaves the right ventricle? Left ventricle?

A
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Aorta
17
Q

What is the trabeculae carneae?

A

Ridges in the walls of ventricles that give structural support and prevent ventricle walls from collapsing during ventricular contraction.

18
Q

Which side of the heart is the pump for pulmonary circuit?

A

Right side

19
Q

Which side of the heart is the pump for systemic circuit?

A

Left side

20
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs

21
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Circulation of blood from the heart to every tissue in the body

22
Q

Which circuit is high pressure and which is low? Pulmonary circuit or systemic circuit? Why?

A
  • Systemic circuit is high pressure and pulmonary circuit is low pressure.
  • It takes a lot more energy and pressure to pump blood to all the bodies tissues compared to pumping blood to the lungs, therefore systemic circuit has higher pressure.
23
Q

Why are the left ventricle walls thicker than the right ventricle?

A

It takes a lot of work and energy to pump blood for systemic circulation (which is what left ventricle pumps to), so its walls a thicker to accommodate amount of energy needed to pump.

24
Q

What is coronary circulation? Why is it important?

A
  • Circulation of blood to the heart
  • It’s important for the function of the heart and heart muscle
25
Q

What are collateral routes and anastomoses? Why do we need them?

A

Collateral routes - natural connections between adjacent blood vessels
Anastomoses - surgical or natural connections between two blood vessels

  • We need them because they allow blood to continue to reach tissues and organs even if a blood vessel is partially or completed blocked
26
Q

What are the major arteries in the heart? (hint: 6)

A

(slide 25 CVS1)
- Right/left coronary artery
- Right marginal artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
- Anterior interventricular artery
- Circumflex artery

27
Q

What are the major cardiac veins?

A

(slide 26 CVS1)
- Small cardiac vein
- Middle cardiac vein
- Great cardiac vein

28
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Thoracic pain due to fleeting deficiency in blood delivery and O2 supply to the myocardium

29
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Heart attack; prolonged coronary blockage

  • areas of cell death can be repaired with non contractile scar tissue
30
Q

Which is long term and which is short term? Angina pectoris or myocardial infarction? Why?

A
  • Myocardial infarction is long term and angina pectoris is short term
  • Angina pectoris is only fleeting deficiency of blood while myocardial infarction is a prolonged blockage of blood supply
31
Q

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

A

Tricuspid valve: right
Mitral (bicuspid) valve: left

32
Q

What are heart valves for?

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart

33
Q

What are the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles for?

A
  • Chordae tendineae anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles
  • Papillary muscles pull on chordae tendineae to open and close valves
34
Q

What are the semilunar (SL) valves?

A
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
35
Q

What is the pathway of blood through the heart?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava —> right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> right ventricle —> pulmonary semilunar valve —> pulmonary trunk —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs —> pulmonary veins —> left atrium —> bicuspid valve —> left ventricle —> aortic semilunar valve —> aorta —> systemic circulation

36
Q

Why does cardiac muscle have large mitochondria? How much of cell volume do they take up?

A
  • The heart is constantly functioning, therefore they need bigger mitochondria for more energy
  • 25-35% of cell volume
37
Q

What are T-tubules for? Why are they wide?

A
  • Allow rapid and efficient transmission of electrical impulses throughout the cardiac muscle cell
  • Synchronize the contraction of the entire muscle cell
  • They are wide in order to allow electrical signals to pass through at a higher rate
38
Q

What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Striated, short, fat, branched, interconnected

Anatomy and Physiology II (1 decks)

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