Heart Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
The right atrioventricular valve, or __________, prevents backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle is contracting.
A
tricuspid valve
2
Q
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the __________.
A
pericardium
3
Q
The heart serves as a double pump. The __________ side serves as the pulmonary circulation pump, shunting carbon dioxide–rich blood to the lungs.
A
right
4
Q
Blood flows through the heart in one direction—from the atria to the ventricles.
A
true
5
Q
What is the name of the two receiving chambers of the heart?
A
atria
6
Q
The heart is divided into __________ chambers.
A
four
7
Q
The left ventricle discharges blood into the __________, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues.
A
aorta
8
Q
In the heart, the __________ ventricle has thicker walls and a basically circular cavity shape.
A
left
9
Q
Two microscopic features of cardiac cells that help distinguish them from other types of muscle cells are branching of the cells and __________.
A
intercalated discs
10
Q
The blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself are the __________.
A
coronary arteries
11
Q
The right atrioventricular valve, or __________, prevents backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle is contracting.
tricuspid valve or mitral valve
A
tricuspid valve
12
Q
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the __________.
-thorax
-apex
-mediastinum
-pericardium
A
pericardium
13
Q
The heart serves as a double pump. The __________ side serves as the pulmonary circulation pump, shunting carbon dioxide–rich blood to the lungs.
left or right
A
right
14
Q
Blood flows through the heart in one direction—from the atria to the ventricles
true or false
A
true
15
Q
What is the name of the two receiving chambers of the heart? __________
A
atria
16
Q
The heart is divided into __________ chambers.
A
four
17
Q
The left ventricle discharges blood into the __________, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues.
-vena cava
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary vein
-aorta
A
aorta
18
Q
In the heart, the __________ ventricle has thicker walls and a basically circular cavity shape.
left or right
A
left
19
Q
Two microscopic features of cardiac cells that help distinguish them from other types of muscle cells are branching of the cells and __________.
-sarcolemma
-striations
-intercalated discs
-myosin fibers
A
intercalated discs
20
Q
The blood vessels that supply blood to the heart itself are the __________.
-pulmonary trunks
-aortas
-coronary arteries
-carotid arteries
A
coronary arteries
21
Q
The repolarization of the atria is usually masked by the large QRS complex.
true or false
A
true
22
Q
Stimulation by the nerves of the autonomic nervous system is essential for cardiac muscle to contract.
true or false
A
false
23
Q
ECG can be used to calculate heart rate.
true or false
A
true
24
Q
Cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions and behave as a single unit.
true or false
A
true
25
The typical ECG has __________ normally recognizable deflection waves.
three
26
Because it sets the rate of depolarization for the normal heart, the __________ node is known as the pacemaker of the heart.
-atrioventricular
-Purkinje
-sinoatrial
sinoatrial
27
Today you will create a graphic recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle. This is known as an __________.
-electrocardiogram
-electroencephalogram
-electromyogram
electrocardiogram
28
How many electrodes will you place on your subject for today's activity if you use a standard ECG apparatus?
5
29
A heart rate over 100 beats/minute is known as __________.
-tachycardia
-bradycardia
tachycardia
30
In a typical ECG, the __________ wave signals the depolarization of the atria immediately before they contract.
-P
-Q
-R
-T
p
31
Located in the lower limb, the __________ is the longest vein in the body.
-internal iliac
-great saphenous
-fibular
-external iliac
great saphenous
32
The __________ is the largest artery of the body.
-aorta
-subclavian artery
-femoral artery
-carotid artery
aorta
33
In the developing fetus, the umbilical __________ carries blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.
vein or artery
vein
34
__________ drain tissues and return blood to the heart.
veins or arteries
veins
35
The anterior tibial artery terminates with the __________ artery, which is often palpated in patients with circulatory problems to determine the circulatory efficiency of the lower limb.
-external iliac
-obturator
-dorsalis pedis
-tibial
dorsalis pedis
36
Gas exchange takes place between tissue cells and blood through capillary walls.
true or false
true
37
The largest branch of the abdominal aorta, the __________ artery, supplies most of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.
renal or superior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
38
The __________ veins drain the liver.
renal or hepatic
hepatic
39
The function of the __________ is to drain the digestive viscera and carry dissolved nutrients to the liver for processing.
-pulmonary circulation system
-fetal circulation
-hepatic portal circulation
hepatic portal circulation
40
Veins draining the head and upper extremities empty into the __________ vena cava.
inferior or superior
superior
41
What structure connects the highlighted muscle cells to one another?
-intercalated discs
-sarcomeres
-tight junctions
-Z discs
intercalated discs
42
what is the tops left one
fossa ovalis
43
what is the middle left one?
pectinate muscles
44
what is bottom left one?
chordae tendineae
45
what is the top right one?
papillary muscle
46
what is the bottom right one
interventricular septum
47
what is the bottom middle one
trabeculae carneae
48
In the fetus, what structure is located at the highlighted site?
-foramen lacerum
-foramen magnum
-foramen spinosum
-foramen ovale
FORAMEN OVALE
49
what is top left one
superior vena cava
50
what is the middle left one
pulmonary trunk
51
what is the bottom left one
inferior vena cava
52
what is the top right one
aorta
53
what is the middle right one
epicardium
54
what tis the bottom right one
myocardium
55
what is the bottom middle one
endocardium
56
what is the top left one
brachiocephalic trunk
57
what is the top middle left one
superior vena cava
58
what is bottom middle left one
ascending aorta
59
what is the bottom left one
pulmonary trunk
60
what is the top right one
left common carotid artery
61
what is the 2nd one down on the right
left subclavian artery
62
what is the 3rd one down on the right
aortic arch
63
what is the 4th one down
ligamentum arteriosum
64
what is the 5th one down on the right
left pulmonary arteries
65
what is the 6th one down on the right
left pulmonary veins
66
what is the top middle one
superior vena cava
67
what is the top left one
aorta
68
what is the 2nd one on the left
pulmonary trunk
69
what is the 3rd one on the left
right atrium
70
what is the 4th one on the left
right ventricle
71
what is the bottom left one
inferior vena cava
72
what is the top right one
left atrium
73
what is the bottom right one
left ventricle
74
A proximal LAD lesion is a blockage in the left anterior descending artery, also known as the anterior interventricular artery. Explain why a heart attack caused by an obstruction of this artery is sometimes referred to as the “widow maker” heart attack.
-Blocking this artery means that oxygen-poor blood cannot be returned to circulation and that results in the death of myocytes.
-A blockage in this artery will prevent oxygenated blood from reaching the posterior cells of the heart.
-The anterior interventricular artery is more often blocked in men, leading to heart attacks and death.
-A blockage in the anterior interventricular artery prevents oxygen from reaching cardiac muscle cells in both ventricles. The atria are not powerful enough to pump blood to the lungs and body.
A blockage in the anterior interventricular artery prevents oxygen from reaching cardiac muscle cells in both ventricles. The atria are not powerful enough to pump blood to the lungs and body.
75
Identify the most muscular chamber.
-Left atrium
-Left ventricle
-Right ventricle
-Right atrium
left ventricle
76
Name the inner lining of the heart.
-Pericardium
-Endocardium
-Myocardium
-Epicardium
endocardium
77
Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.
-Pulmonary valve
-Tricuspid valve
-Bicuspid (mitral) valve
-Aortic valve
bicuspid vlave
78
What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?
-Left ventricle
-Right ventricle
-Left atrium
-Right atrium
left ventricle
79
Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles.
-Trabeculae carneae
-Chordae tendineae
-papillary muscles
-Pectinate muscles
Trabeculae carneae
80
What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?
-Chordae tendineae
-Trabeculae carneae
-Moderator band
-Papillary muscle
Chordae tendineae
81
Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.
true or false
true
82
Identify the highlighted vessel.
-inferior vena cava
-left pulmonary artery
-left brachiocephalic artery
-superior vena cava
superior vena cava
83
What is a function of the highlighted structures?
-replicates new muscle cells
-synthesizes proteins
-allows action potentials to quickly travel from one cell to another
-nourishes the cells
allows action potentials to quickly travel from one cell to another
84
what is the left one
cardiac skeleton
85
what is the top right one
myocardium
86
what is the 2nd right one
tricuspid (right) valve
87
what is the 3rd right one
mitral (left) valve
88
what is the 4th right one
aortic valve
89
what is the bottom right one
pulmonary valve
90
Which structure is highlighted?
-epicardium
-pericardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
pericardium
91
Identify the highlighted structure.
-right ventricle
-interventricular septum
-apex
-papillary muscle
apex
92
Identify the highlighted vessel.
-left brachiocephalic vein
-left common carotid artery
-left pulmonary artery
-ascending aorta
ascending aorta
93
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
-Provide a blood supply to the heart
-Provide a blood supply to the aortic arch
-Provide a blood supply to the pericardium
-Provide a blood supply to the lungs
provide a blood supply to the heart
94
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
-A remnant of the foramen ovale
-A remnant of the ductus arteriosus
-A ligament securing the aorta
-A ligament attaching the aorta to the superior vena cava
A remnant of the ductus arteriosus
95
Which chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
-Left atrium
-Right atrium
-Right ventricle
-Left ventricle
right entricle
96
Identify the ear like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
-Coronary sinus
-Auricle
-Pectinate muscles
-Atrium
auricle
97
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
true or false
true
98
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
true or false
false
99
what is the top left one
right atrium
100
what is the middle left one
tricuspid valve
101
what is the bottom left one
right ventricle
102
what is the top right one
left atrium
103
what is the 2nd right one
mitral valve
104
what is the 3rd right one
aortic valve
105
what is the bottom right one
left ventricle
106
what is the bottom middle one
pulmonary valve
107
Identify the highlighted vessels.
-venae cavae
-right pulmonary veins
-right pulmonary arteries
-coronary arteries
right pulmonary veins
108
Identify the highlighted structure.
-aortic semilunar valve
-tricuspid valve
-mitral valve
-pulmonary semilunar valve
tricuspid valve
109
what is the top left one
left pulmonary artery
110
what is the 2nd left one
left pulmonary veins
111
what is the 3rd left one
great cardiac vein
112
what is the bottom left one
posterior vein of left ventricle
113
what is the top right one
right pulmonary artery
114
what is the 2nd right one
right pulmonary veins
115
what is the 3rd right one
coronary sinus
116
what is the 4th right one
right coronary artery
117
what is the 5th right one
posterior interventricular artery
118
what is the bottom right one
middle cardiac vein
119
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to the body. One sign of CHF is excess fluid in the tissue spaces, known as edema. Describe the location of the edema if the left side of the heart fails.
-Heart
-Lungs
-Brain
-All of the choices are correct.
lungs
120
Which layer of the heart wall is composed of the tissue shown here?
-myocardium
-endocardium
-fibrous pericardium
-visceral pericardium
myocardium
121
The highlighted structure consists of ___.
-two semilunar cusps
-three valve flaps
-two valve flaps
-three semilunar cusps
three semilunar cusps
122
Name the ridged bundles of muscle found projecting inside the right atrium.
-Papillary muscles
-Intercalated discs
-Trabeculae carneae
-Pectinate muscles
pectinate muscles
123
Identify the right atrioventricular valve.
-Pulmonary valve
-Aortic semilunar valve
-Bicuspid valve
-Tricuspid valve
tricuspid valve
124
Identify the valve located at the exit of the right ventricle.
-Bicuspid valve
-Aortic semilunar valve
-Pulmonary semilunar valve
-Tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
125
The moderator band is found on both the right and left side of the heart.
true or false
false
126
Oxygenated blood flows through the right side of the heart.
true or false
false
127
Which structure is highlighted?
-right ventricle
-left ventricle
-left atrium
-right atrium
right atrium
128
Identify the highlighted vessel.
-marginal artery
-pulmonary artery
-posterior interventricular artery
-coronary sinus
posterior interventricular artery
129
Identify the highlighted structure.
-right auricle
-left auricle
-right atrium
-left atrium
left auricle
130
what is the top left one
aorta
131
what is 2nd left one
auricle of left atrium
132
what is the 3rd left one
left atrium
133
what is the 4th left one
left ventricle
134
what is the bottom left one
apex
135
what is the top right one
superior vena cava
136
what is the 2nd right one
right atrium
137
what is the 3rd right one
inferior vena cava
138
what is the bottom right one
right ventricle
139
Identify the highlighted structures.
-papillary muscles
-semilunar valves
-chordae tendineae
-atrioventricular valves
papillary muscles
140
Identify the highlighted structure.
-left atrium
-right atrium
-left auricle
-right auricle
right auricle
141
what is the top left one
right atrium
142
what is 2nd left one
right coronary artery
143
what is the 3rd left one
anterior interventricular artery
144
what is the bottom left one
right ventricle
145
what is the top right one
left atrium
146
what is the 2nd right one
circumflex artery
147
what is the 3rd right one
great cardiac vein
148
what is the 4th right one
left ventricle
149
what is the bottom right one
apex of the heart
150
Identify the highlighted vessel.
-aortic arch
-brachiocephalic trunk
-superior vena cava
-left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk
151
identify the three branches of the highlighted vessel.
-right coronary artery, left coronary artery, left common carotid artery
-right coronary artery, left coronary artery, brachiocephalic trunk
-brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
-brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid artery, right subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
152
what is the left one
cardiac muscle cell
153
what is the middle one
nucleus
154
what is the right one
intercalated disc
155
Which vessel is highlighted?
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-right coronary artery
-coronary sinus
inferior vena cava
156
Long Q-T syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by a prolonged Q-T interval. When LQTS is symptomatic, patients experience episodes of fainting and arrhythmia. Which electrical event is altered in LQTS?
-Ventricular depolarization is enhanced.
-The electrical signal takes longer to reach the ventricles.
-Ventricular repolarization takes longer.
-Atrial depolarization takes longer.
ventricular repolarization takes longer
157
The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart is to _______.
-increase the heart rate
-increase the heart rate and increase the force of contraction
-decrease the heart rate
-decrease the heart rate and decrease the force of contraction
increases the heart rate and increase the force of contraction
158
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system dominates after a large meal?
-Both parasympathetic and sympathetic branches dominate after a large meal.
-the parasympathetic branch
-neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic branch
-the sympathetic branch
the parasympathetic branch
159
The sinoatrial node is located _______.
-in the right atrial wall of the human heart
-in the left atrial wall of the human heart
-in the interventricular septum of the human heart
-outside the human heart
in the right atrial wall of the human heart
160
Excessive vagal stimulation of the heart will result in _______.
-a decrease in heart rate and, eventually, a temporary cessation of the heartbeat
-an increase in the force of contraction
-an increase in heart rate
-a decrease in the force of contraction
a decrease in heart rate and, eventually, a temporary cessation of the heartbeat
161
The prefix means atrium.
atri-
162
The prefix means ventricle of the heart.
ventriculo-
163
The prefix means heart or heart action.
cardi-
164
The prefix means electricity.
electro-
165
__________control blood flow into the ventricles.
atrioventricular valves
166
A test that records the electrical activity of the heart is a(n) _________
electrocardiogram
167
The structure dividing the two atria of the heart is called the ___________
interatrial septum
168
_________ is a faster than normal heart rate.
tachycardia
169
Which of the following affect heart rate through the use of a cAMP (second messenger) system?
-epinephrine
-acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
-norepinephrine
-acetylcholine
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine and norepinephrine
170
Which of the following decreases the rate of depolarization in the heart?
-epinephrine
-acetylcholine
-acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
-norepinephrine
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
acetylcholine
171
The sinoatrial node has receptors for _______.
-acetylcholine
-acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
-epinephrine and norepinephrine
-norepinephrine
-epinephrine
acetylcholine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
172
An adrenergic drug that worked in opposition to epinephrine would _______.
-be an antagonist and decrease heart rate
-be an agonist and increase heart rate
-decrease heart rate
-increase heart rate
be an antagonist and decrease heart rate
173
what is the top middle one
sinoatrial (SA) node
174
what is the top left one
atrioventricular (AV) node
175
what is the middle left one
bundle branches
176
what is the bottom left one
purkinje fibers
177
what is the right one
atrioventricular (AV) bundle
178
When vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the frog heart, _______.
-the force of contraction increased
-the force of contraction increased and the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
-the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
-the force of contraction decreased
-the force of contraction decreased and the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped
179
What part of your tracing illustrates vagal escape?
-the part where the force of contraction decreased
-the part where the heart stopped
-the part where the heart resumed beating
-the part where the heart rate slowed down
the part where the heart resumed beating
180
Research shows that in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a frequency of about 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is about 70 beats per minute. What would the approximate heartrate be if the vagus nerve were severed?
-slower than 70 beats per minute
-about 100 beats per minute
-faster than 100 beats per minute
-about 70 beats per minute
about 100 beats per minute
181
Which of the following has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization?
-Purkinje fibers
-AV bundle branches
-the AV node
-the SA node
the SA node
182
Muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. Muscarine binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. Which of the following describes the effect of muscarine?
-Like pilocarpine, it increases the heart rate.
-Like atropine, it increases the heart rate.
-Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate.
-Like atropine, it decreases the heart rate.
Like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate.
183
Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Which receptors do you think are being blocked?
-beta-adrenergic
-nicotinic
-muscarinic
-alpha-adrenergic
beta-adrenergic
184
With respect to heart rate, which of the following worked in opposition to each other?
-digitalis and pilocarpine
-digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine
-atropine and epinephrine
-digitalis and atropine
digitalis and atropine
185
With respect to heart rate, which of the following had the same effect?
-atropine and epinephrine
-digitalis and atropine
-digitalis and pilocarpine
-digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine
digitalis and pilocarpine as well as atropine and epinephrine
186
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the atria generate as many as 500 action potentials per minute, causing the atria to spasm instead of contracting as a coordinated unit. A maze procedure involves making incisions in the atria and sewing them back together, resulting in the formation of scar tissue in the atria. How might this procedure prevent atrial fibrillation?
-The maze procedure damages the sinoatrial node, making it impossible for the atria to generate action potentials.
-Scar tissue is composed of connective tissue, which does not conduct electrical impulses. This means that action potentials in one
atrium will not spread to the other atrium.
-This procedure damages the atrioventricular node, making it impossible for the atria to generate action potentials.
-The scar tissue would isolate the atrioventricular bundle from the atrioventricular node, electrically insulting the atria.
Scar tissue is composed of connective tissue, which does not conduct electrical impulses. This means that action potentials in one
atrium will not spread to the other atrium.
187
identify first wave
P wave
188
identify big spike
QRS complex
189
identify 2nd wave
t wave
190
identify small jap 1
P-R interval
191
identify small jap 2
S-T segment
192
identify big jap
Q-T interval
