Heart Flashcards
2 sides of the heart
left and right
What Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right atrium
Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Right ventricle
Each side of the heart has an
atrium and ventricle
Receiving chamber
atrium
Pulmonary trunk transports blood from which ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta transports blood from which ventricle
Left ventricle
Transports blood towards the heart
veins
venae cavae drains into which atrium
Right atrium
Pulmonary veins drains into which atrium left atrium
Left atrium
Function of heart valves is:
prevent backflow to ensure one way blood flow
Where are atrioventricular (AV) valves located
between the atrium and ventricles
AV valve stands for
Atrioventricular valve
2 AV valves
right and left
Pumping chambers
Ventricles
Large arteries and veins that are directly attached to the heart
Great vessels
transport blood away from the heart
arteries
Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body
left ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left atrium
Location of semilunar valves
between a ventricle and an arterial trunk
What are the 2 semilunar valves
Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
the heart is enclosed by the
pericardium
3 layers of the pericardium
Fibrous, parietal, visceral
Outermost covering of the pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
What tissue makes up the fibrous pericardium
Dense irregular connective tissue
Where does the fibrous pericardium attach to
diaphragm and base of aorta, pulmonary trunk
function of fibrous pericardium
anchors heart and prevents overfilling
Middle layer of pericardium
parietal pericardium
What skin and tissue makes up the parietal pericardium
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
Where does the parietal pericardium attach to
Fibrous pericardium
Innermost layer of the pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
What skin and tissue makes up the Visceral pericardium (epicardium)?
simple squamous epithelium and aerolar connective tissue
Where does the visceral pericardium attach to
The heart
what separates the parietal and visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
2 serous layers of pericardium
parietal and visceral
what is contained within the pericardial cavity
Serous fluid
Serous fluid acts as a
lubricant
Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium form
Pericardial Sac
What Cranial nerve apart of the parasympathetic division slows down heart rate
Vagus nerve (CN X)
What center sends nerve signals that triggers parasympathetic division to slow heart rate
Cardioinhibitory center
What innervation decreases heart rate
parasympathetic
What center sends nerve signals in the sympathetic division to increase heart rate and contraction
Cardioacceleratory center
Nerve signals are sent along _____ nerves during sympathetic innervation
cardiac nerves
what division increases both heart rate and force of contraction
sympathetic division
receptors on the heart
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
What system initiates and conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of contractions
conduction system
the conduction system activity is influenced by what nervous system?
Autonomic nervous system
Specialized cardiac muscle cells have ___ ___ but do not ____
action potential; contract
what node initiates heartbeat and is known as the pacemaker?
SA node
SA node is known as
Sinoatrial node
SA node is considered the ____ of the heart
pacemaker
Location of Sa node
High in posterior wall of right atrium
location of AV node
floor of right atrium (near AV Valve)
AV bundle is also know as
Bundle of His
Av bundle extends from ___ node through ___ _____
AV; interventricular septum
Av bundles divides into
right and left bundle branches
purkinjie fibers extend from ____ and ______ bundles at the hearts___.
right and left; apex
purkinjie fibers course through walls of
ventricles
What are the 2 steps of conduction system
initiation and spread of action potential
What node initiates action potential
SA node
An action potential is propagated throughout the ___ and the ____.
atria; conduction system
what are the 2 steps of cardiac muscle cells
The action potential and muscle contraction
the action potential is propagated along the ___ of the cardiac muscle cells
sarcolemma
How does muscle contraction occur with thin and thick filaments and sarcomeres
thin filaments slide past thick filaments and sarcomeres shorten within muscle cells
When cardiac muscle cells contract, sarcomeres do what?
They shorten
During an ECG, skin electrons detect what
electrical signals of cardiac muscle cells
what electrods detect electrical signals in an ECG
Skin electrods
3 waves/segments of the heart
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
P wave reflects electrical changes of _____ originating in SA node
atrial depolarization
Atrial depolarization originates where
SA node
QRS complex detect electrical changes associated with
Ventricular depolarization
During the QRS complex, what is the atria doing
simultaneously repolarizing
T wave detects electrical change associated with
Ventricular repolarization
what is the 1st phases of the cardiac cycle
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling
what is the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle
atrial contraction and ventricular filling
What is the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle
Isovolumic contraction
The 4th phase of cardiac cycle
Ventricular ejection
Last phase of the cardiac cycle
isovolumic relaxation
How many normal heart sounds are there?
4
2 familiar heart sounds
lubb-dubb
lubb sound is caused by S1-
closing of semilunar valves
the lubb-dubb sound is caused by what 2 node
S1 and S2
dubb sound is caused by s2-
closing of semilunar valves
2 minor heart sounds are caused by what 2 nodes
s3 and s4
abnormal heart sound
heart murmur
Heart murmurs are a result of
turbulence of blood passing through the heart
Are heart murmurs important?
some of them are
2 types of heart murmurs
valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute
cardiac output is measured in
liters per minute
cardiac output will ____ in healthy individuals during exercise
increase
cardiac output is determined by ___ and ____.
stroke volume and heart rate
heart rate is measure by
beats per minute
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per minute
Cardiac output equation
HR x SV = CO
stroke volume steps
venous return, inotropic agents, afterload
venous return
volume of blood returned to the heart
inotropic agents
external agents that alter contractility
afterload
resistance in arteries
End diastolic volume (EDV) amount
130 mL
stroke volume (SV) amount
70 mL
End systolic volume (ESV) amount
60 mL
to maintain resting cardiac output, cardiac output must meet
Tissues needs
individuals with smaller heart valves have ___ SV
smaller
Individuals with smaller heart have a ___ heart rate
faster
which individual have a higher heart rate, thus smaller heart
women and children
individuals with larger hearts have ___
larger
Indivindividuals with larger hearts have a _______ heart rate
slower
who typically has larger and stronger hearts
endurance athletes
alter SA node and AV node activity
chronotropic agents
2 types of chronotropic agents
positive and negative
positive chronotropic agents do what to heart rate
increase
negative chronotropic agents do what to heart rate
decrease
during venous return, the volume of blood returning to the heart alters
stretch of heart wall or preload
inotropic agents alter what levels in sarcoplasm
calcium
2 types of inotropic agents
positive and negative
positive inotropic agents _____ stroke volumee
increase
negativee inotropic agents ______ stroke volume
decrease
increase resistance in arteries
afterload
venous return is _______ correlated with stroke volume
stroke volume
afterload is ______ correlated with stroke colume
inversley
what 3 things alter stroke volume
venous return, inotropic agents, afterload
what alters heart rate
chronotorpic agnets
substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractility
substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractilitys
capacity to increase cardiac output above rest level
cardiac reserve
how do you determine cardiac reserve
cardiac output with excersie – CO at rest
HR _______ and SV ______ during exercise
accelerates; increases
gives measure of level of exercise an individual can pursue
cardiac reserve
Cardiac Output can increase _____ in healthy, non-athlete individuals
four fold
cardiac output can increase up to ____ in an athletes
seven fold
impaired ability of the heart to pump blood
congestive heart failure
symptoms of congestive heart failure
edema
2 types of edema
systemic and pumonary
edema
swelling
what may occur if right ventricles is impaired
systemic endema
more blood remaining in systemic circulation results in
systemic edema
additional fluid entering interstitial space results in
systemic edema
may occur if left ventricle is impaired
pulmonary edema
more blood remaining in pulmonary circulation results in
pulmonary edema
swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs result in
pulmonary edema
pulmonary edema results in what 2 things in the lungs
breathing difficulties and impaired gas exchange
plaques narrow coronary arteries
atherosclerosis
sudden narrowing of vessels
coronary spasm
both atherosclerosis and coronary spams can lead to
agina or myocardial infaraction
what two things can cause angina and myocardial infarcation
atherosclerosis and coronary spasm
Pain in the heart
agina pectoris
where does agina pectoris occur
left side of chest, left arm, jaw
treatments for angina pectoris
vascular dilation
myocardial infaraction
heart attack
sudden and complete occulsion of coronary artery
myocardial infarction
myocardium deprived of oxygen , possible tissue death can result in
myocardial infarction
main symptom of myocardial infarction
chest pain radiating down left arm
persistently low resting heart rate in adults
bradycardia
bradycardia
below 60 bpm
bradycardia is normal in
athletes
bradycardia can be caused by
hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, congestive heart failure
persistently high resting heart rate
tachycardia
tachycardia
over 100 bpm
tachycardia is causeed by
heart disease, fever, anxiety
