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Anatomy & Physiology III > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

2 sides of the heart

A

left and right

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2
Q

What Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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4
Q

Each side of the heart has an

A

atrium and ventricle

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5
Q

Receiving chamber

A

atrium

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6
Q

Pulmonary trunk transports blood from which ventricle

A

Right ventricle

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7
Q

Aorta transports blood from which ventricle

A

Left ventricle

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8
Q

Transports blood towards the heart

A

veins

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9
Q

venae cavae drains into which atrium

A

Right atrium

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10
Q

Pulmonary veins drains into which atrium left atrium

A

Left atrium

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11
Q

Function of heart valves is:

A

prevent backflow to ensure one way blood flow

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12
Q

Where are atrioventricular (AV) valves located

A

between the atrium and ventricles

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13
Q

AV valve stands for

A

Atrioventricular valve

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14
Q

2 AV valves

A

right and left

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15
Q

Pumping chambers

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

Large arteries and veins that are directly attached to the heart

A

Great vessels

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17
Q

transport blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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18
Q

Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body

A

left ventricle

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19
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

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20
Q

Location of semilunar valves

A

between a ventricle and an arterial trunk

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21
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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22
Q

the heart is enclosed by the

A

pericardium

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23
Q

3 layers of the pericardium

A

Fibrous, parietal, visceral

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24
Q

Outermost covering of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium

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25
Q

What tissue makes up the fibrous pericardium

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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26
Q

Where does the fibrous pericardium attach to

A

diaphragm and base of aorta, pulmonary trunk

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27
Q

function of fibrous pericardium

A

anchors heart and prevents overfilling

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28
Q

Middle layer of pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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29
Q

What skin and tissue makes up the parietal pericardium

A

Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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30
Q

Where does the parietal pericardium attach to

A

Fibrous pericardium

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31
Q

Innermost layer of the pericardium

A

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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32
Q

What skin and tissue makes up the Visceral pericardium (epicardium)?

A

simple squamous epithelium and aerolar connective tissue

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33
Q

Where does the visceral pericardium attach to

A

The heart

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34
Q

what separates the parietal and visceral pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

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35
Q

2 serous layers of pericardium

A

parietal and visceral

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36
Q

what is contained within the pericardial cavity

A

Serous fluid

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37
Q

Serous fluid acts as a

A

lubricant

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38
Q

Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium form

A

Pericardial Sac

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39
Q

What Cranial nerve apart of the parasympathetic division slows down heart rate

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

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40
Q

What center sends nerve signals that triggers parasympathetic division to slow heart rate

A

Cardioinhibitory center

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41
Q

What innervation decreases heart rate

A

parasympathetic

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42
Q

What center sends nerve signals in the sympathetic division to increase heart rate and contraction

A

Cardioacceleratory center

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43
Q

Nerve signals are sent along _____ nerves during sympathetic innervation

A

cardiac nerves

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44
Q

what division increases both heart rate and force of contraction

A

sympathetic division

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45
Q

receptors on the heart

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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46
Q

What system initiates and conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of contractions

A

conduction system

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47
Q

the conduction system activity is influenced by what nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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48
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells have ___ ___ but do not ____

A

action potential; contract

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49
Q

what node initiates heartbeat and is known as the pacemaker?

A

SA node

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50
Q

SA node is known as

A

Sinoatrial node

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51
Q

SA node is considered the ____ of the heart

A

pacemaker

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52
Q

Location of Sa node

A

High in posterior wall of right atrium

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53
Q

location of AV node

A

floor of right atrium (near AV Valve)

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54
Q

AV bundle is also know as

A

Bundle of His

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55
Q

Av bundle extends from ___ node through ___ _____

A

AV; interventricular septum

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56
Q

Av bundles divides into

A

right and left bundle branches

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57
Q

purkinjie fibers extend from ____ and ______ bundles at the hearts___.

A

right and left; apex

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58
Q

purkinjie fibers course through walls of

A

ventricles

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59
Q

What are the 2 steps of conduction system

A

initiation and spread of action potential

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60
Q

What node initiates action potential

A

SA node

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61
Q

An action potential is propagated throughout the ___ and the ____.

A

atria; conduction system

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62
Q

what are the 2 steps of cardiac muscle cells

A

The action potential and muscle contraction

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63
Q

the action potential is propagated along the ___ of the cardiac muscle cells

A

sarcolemma

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64
Q

How does muscle contraction occur with thin and thick filaments and sarcomeres

A

thin filaments slide past thick filaments and sarcomeres shorten within muscle cells

65
Q

When cardiac muscle cells contract, sarcomeres do what?

A

They shorten

66
Q

During an ECG, skin electrons detect what

A

electrical signals of cardiac muscle cells

67
Q

what electrods detect electrical signals in an ECG

A

Skin electrods

68
Q

3 waves/segments of the heart

A

P wave, QRS complex, and T wave

69
Q

P wave reflects electrical changes of _____ originating in SA node

A

atrial depolarization

70
Q

Atrial depolarization originates where

A

SA node

71
Q

QRS complex detect electrical changes associated with

A

Ventricular depolarization

72
Q

During the QRS complex, what is the atria doing

A

simultaneously repolarizing

73
Q

T wave detects electrical change associated with

A

Ventricular repolarization

74
Q

what is the 1st phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial contraction and ventricular filling

75
Q

what is the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial contraction and ventricular filling

76
Q

What is the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle

A

Isovolumic contraction

77
Q

The 4th phase of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular ejection

78
Q

Last phase of the cardiac cycle

A

isovolumic relaxation

79
Q

How many normal heart sounds are there?

A

4

80
Q

2 familiar heart sounds

A

lubb-dubb

81
Q

lubb sound is caused by S1-

A

closing of semilunar valves

82
Q

the lubb-dubb sound is caused by what 2 node

A

S1 and S2

83
Q

dubb sound is caused by s2-

A

closing of semilunar valves

84
Q

2 minor heart sounds are caused by what 2 nodes

A

s3 and s4

85
Q

abnormal heart sound

A

heart murmur

86
Q

Heart murmurs are a result of

A

turbulence of blood passing through the heart

87
Q

Are heart murmurs important?

A

some of them are

88
Q

2 types of heart murmurs

A

valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis

89
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute

90
Q

cardiac output is measured in

A

liters per minute

91
Q

cardiac output will ____ in healthy individuals during exercise

A

increase

92
Q

cardiac output is determined by ___ and ____.

A

stroke volume and heart rate

93
Q

heart rate is measure by

A

beats per minute

94
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected per minute

95
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

HR x SV = CO

96
Q

stroke volume steps

A

venous return, inotropic agents, afterload

97
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returned to the heart

98
Q

inotropic agents

A

external agents that alter contractility

99
Q

afterload

A

resistance in arteries

100
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV) amount

A

130 mL

101
Q

stroke volume (SV) amount

A

70 mL

102
Q

End systolic volume (ESV) amount

A

60 mL

103
Q

to maintain resting cardiac output, cardiac output must meet

A

Tissues needs

104
Q

individuals with smaller heart valves have ___ SV

A

smaller

105
Q

Individuals with smaller heart have a ___ heart rate

A

faster

106
Q

which individual have a higher heart rate, thus smaller heart

A

women and children

107
Q

individuals with larger hearts have ___

A

larger

108
Q

Indivindividuals with larger hearts have a _______ heart rate

A

slower

109
Q

who typically has larger and stronger hearts

A

endurance athletes

110
Q

alter SA node and AV node activity

A

chronotropic agents

111
Q

2 types of chronotropic agents

A

positive and negative

112
Q

positive chronotropic agents do what to heart rate

A

increase

113
Q

negative chronotropic agents do what to heart rate

A

decrease

114
Q

during venous return, the volume of blood returning to the heart alters

A

stretch of heart wall or preload

115
Q

inotropic agents alter what levels in sarcoplasm

A

calcium

116
Q

2 types of inotropic agents

A

positive and negative

117
Q

positive inotropic agents _____ stroke volumee

A

increase

118
Q

negativee inotropic agents ______ stroke volume

A

decrease

119
Q

increase resistance in arteries

A

afterload

120
Q

venous return is _______ correlated with stroke volume

A

stroke volume

121
Q

afterload is ______ correlated with stroke colume

A

inversley

122
Q

what 3 things alter stroke volume

A

venous return, inotropic agents, afterload

123
Q

what alters heart rate

A

chronotorpic agnets

124
Q

substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractility

A

substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractilitys

125
Q

capacity to increase cardiac output above rest level

A

cardiac reserve

126
Q

how do you determine cardiac reserve

A

cardiac output with excersie – CO at rest

127
Q

HR _______ and SV ______ during exercise

A

accelerates; increases

128
Q

gives measure of level of exercise an individual can pursue

A

cardiac reserve

129
Q

Cardiac Output can increase _____ in healthy, non-athlete individuals

A

four fold

130
Q

cardiac output can increase up to ____ in an athletes

A

seven fold

131
Q

impaired ability of the heart to pump blood

A

congestive heart failure

132
Q

symptoms of congestive heart failure

A

edema

133
Q

2 types of edema

A

systemic and pumonary

134
Q

edema

A

swelling

135
Q

what may occur if right ventricles is impaired

A

systemic endema

136
Q

more blood remaining in systemic circulation results in

A

systemic edema

137
Q

additional fluid entering interstitial space results in

A

systemic edema

138
Q

may occur if left ventricle is impaired

A

pulmonary edema

139
Q

more blood remaining in pulmonary circulation results in

A

pulmonary edema

140
Q

swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs result in

A

pulmonary edema

141
Q

pulmonary edema results in what 2 things in the lungs

A

breathing difficulties and impaired gas exchange

142
Q

plaques narrow coronary arteries

A

atherosclerosis

143
Q

sudden narrowing of vessels

A

coronary spasm

144
Q

both atherosclerosis and coronary spams can lead to

A

agina or myocardial infaraction

145
Q

what two things can cause angina and myocardial infarcation

A

atherosclerosis and coronary spasm

146
Q

Pain in the heart

A

agina pectoris

147
Q

where does agina pectoris occur

A

left side of chest, left arm, jaw

148
Q

treatments for angina pectoris

A

vascular dilation

149
Q

myocardial infaraction

A

heart attack

150
Q

sudden and complete occulsion of coronary artery

A

myocardial infarction

151
Q

myocardium deprived of oxygen , possible tissue death can result in

A

myocardial infarction

152
Q

main symptom of myocardial infarction

A

chest pain radiating down left arm

153
Q

persistently low resting heart rate in adults

A

bradycardia

154
Q

bradycardia

A

below 60 bpm

155
Q

bradycardia is normal in

A

athletes

156
Q

bradycardia can be caused by

A

hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, congestive heart failure

157
Q

persistently high resting heart rate

A

tachycardia

158
Q

tachycardia

A

over 100 bpm

159
Q

tachycardia is causeed by

A

heart disease, fever, anxiety

Anatomy & Physiology III (1 decks)

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