heart

Question 1

a free trabecula that crosses the cavity as a muscular rod from septum to anterior wall, carrying the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle (conducting system of the heart)

Answer 1

Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)

Question 2

having free end; from which chordae tendinae arise & attach to the atrioventricular leaflets or cusps

Answer 2

Papillary muscles (ant., post. & septal)

Question 3

One way valve: prevents reflux of the blood into the right atrium

Answer 3

tricuspid valve

Question 4

Consists of 3 cusps attached to the fibrous ring of the orifice, they
are arranged & named as: Anterior, Posterior & Septal

Answer 4

tricuspid valve

Question 5

Guards pulmonary trunk

Answer 5

semilunar valve

Question 6

Consists of 3 semilunar cusps convex towards the ventricle & concave towards the trunk, they are arranged & named as: Anterior, Right & Left

Answer 6

semilunar valve

Question 7

Consists of 2 cusps attached to the fibrous ring of the orifice, they are arranged & named as: Anterior & Posterior

Answer 7

mitral valve

Question 8

Guards aorta

Answer 8

aortic valve

Question 9

Consists of 3 semilunar cusps or valvules, convex towards the ventricle & concave towards the trunk, they are arranged & named as: Posterior, Right & Left

Answer 9

aortic valve

Question 10

the base of the heart is formed mainly by

Answer 10

left atrium and right atrium

Question 11

the apex of the heart is formed of

Answer 11

left vent

Question 12

the diaphragmatic surface of the heart is made of

Answer 12

the 2 ventricles, mainly the left.

Question 13

what is Pericarditis

Answer 13

is inflammation of the pericardium.

Question 14

where do we drain the pericardial effusion

Answer 14

A wide bore needle is inserted in the left 5th or 6th space close to the sternum to avoid injury to left pleura & lung.

Also the left costoxiphoid angle is another safe site for pericardial puncture

Question 15

what forms the most of the inferior border?

Answer 15

right ventricle

Question 16

forms the major part of both the
base and the upper border of the
heart

Answer 16

left atrium

Question 17

forms also most of the left aspect of
the heart and the left 1½ cm of the
inferior border as well as the apex of
the heart.

Answer 17

left ventricle

Question 18

what is the nerve supply of the heart?

Answer 18

sympathetic: upper 5 or 6 thoracic spinal segments relay in the 2nd 3rd and 4th thoracic sympathetic ganglia.

Parasympathetic: Cervical and thoracic cardiac branches of the vagus.

Question 19

mechanism of cardiac pain(sympathatic and vagal)

Answer 19

Cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers reach the upper
thoracic segments of the spinal cord They synapse with the upper thoracic (mainly 1-4) and lower cervical (mainly 4, 5 and 6) spinothalamic tract cells Referred anginal pain in the front of chest, shoulder and upper limb

Cardiac vagal afferent fibers synapsein the nucleus solitarius in the medulla Then descend to excite the upper cervical spinothalamic tract cells Referred anginal pain in the neck and jaw

Question 20

It arises from the anterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta. It passes between the root of the pulmonary trunk and the right auricle to reach the coronary sulcus.
Then, it reaches the point of junction between the right and inferior borders of the heart where it gives its marginal branch.
It then turns backwards to reach the posterior part of the coronary sulcus, where it gives its posterior (inferior) interventricular branch before it ends by
anastomosing with the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.

Answer 20

right coronary

Question 21

Distribution of the right coronary artery 5 points.

Answer 21

1. Right atrium.
2. Right ventricle, except a small band on the sternocostal surface,
3. Left ventricle (band of the diaphragmatic surface)
4. The posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum.
5. The whole conducting system: the S-A (in
   60%) and A-V nodes, the A-V bundle and
   its right and left bundle branches (in
   80%).

Question 22

It arises from the left posterior aortic sinus of the ascending aorta.
It runs forwards first then between the root of the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle to reach the upper end of the anterior interventricular groove.
There, it ends by dividing into 2 branches: the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery; the latter is sometimes considered as the continuation of the left coronary artery.

Answer 22

left coronary

Question 23

Distribution of the left coronary artery 5 points

Answer 23

1. Left atrium.
2. Left ventricle except a small band on its diaphragmatic surface.
3. A band of the sternocostal surface of the right ventricle.
4. The anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum.
5. The S.A node (in 40% of people) and the A-V
   node and bundle (in 20% of people), especially the left bundle branch

Question 24

Tributaries of Coronary Sinus

Answer 24

1-Great cardiac vein: ascends in anterior
interventricuar groove & joins left end of
coronary sinus it receives left marginal vein

• 2- Middle cardiac vein: ascends in posterior
interventricular groove joins sinus at right end

• 3-Small cardiac veins Joins right side of coronary sinus Receives right marginal
• 4-Posterior vein of left ventricle: Ascends on diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle joins middle of coronary sinus
• 5- Oblique vein of left atrium:Descends on back of left atrium to left end in coronary sinus