Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CNS clinical > hearing loss > Flashcards

hearing loss Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive deafness
Sensorineural hearing loss
Mixed hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the characteristics of conductive hearing loss (CHL)?

A

Lesion in the external ear or middle ear.

Air-bone gap (ABG) is present, with bone conduction thresholds better than air conduction thresholds (ABG = B.C > A.C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

A

Lesion in the inner ear, 8th nerve, or central auditory pathway.

No air-bone gap (ABG), with both air conduction (A.C) and bone conduction (B.C) thresholds elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of mixed hearing loss?

A

Combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Air-bone gap (ABG) is present, and both air conduction (A.C) and bone conduction (B.C) thresholds are elevated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of conductive hearing loss related to the middle ear?

A

Congenital anomalies of the ossicles
Trauma, including tympanic membrane perforations and haemotympanum
Otitic barotrauma resulting in middle ear effusion
Inflammation, such as acute otitis media, chronic otitis media (both suppurative and non-suppurative), and adhesive otitis media
Neoplastic conditions, including locally malignant (glomus jugulare) and malignant (carcinoma) tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of conductive hearing loss related to the external ear?

A

Congenital atresia

Trauma with impacted foreign body

Blunt or sharp trauma

Inflammation such as furunculosis, diffuse bacterial otitis externa, or obstructing otomycosis

Tumors, both benign (e.g., exostosis) and malignant
Impacted wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical features of furuncle (infection) of the external ear?

A

Severe pain upon pressing on tragus, moving the ear canal, or mastication
Ear discharge, possible rupture
Possible preauricular and postauricular lymphadenopathy
Possible hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is furuncle of the external ear diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Clinical examination, culture, and sensitivity (C&S)

Treatment: Ear pack with glycerin ecithiole/AB (antibiotic) steroids cream pack changed daily, systemic antibiotics, and surgery in large or resistant cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is otomycosis, and what are its clinical features?

A

Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the external ear.

Clinical features: Itching, discharge, and possible hearing loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is otomycosis diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Examination and, if recurrent, checking for diabetes mellitus (DM)
Treatment: Cleaning the ear and using antifungal ear drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment for large impacted foreign bodies in the external ear causing hearing loss?

A

Removal of the foreign body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for diffuse external otitis?

A

Same treatment as furuncle, including ear pack with glycerin ecithiole/AB steroids cream pack changed daily, and antipseudomonal treatment in resistant cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is malignant external otitis, and what are its clinical features?

A

Malignant external otitis is a pseudomonas infection in an immunocompromised patient, leading to skull base osteomyelitis.

Clinical features: Severe earache, hearing loss, ear discharge, swelling, granulation on the posterior canal wall, and cranial nerve palsy (e.g., facial nerve, jugular foramen syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is malignant external otitis diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Culture and sensitivity (C&S), CT scan, gallium scan, Tc99 bone scan, audiometry, and lab tests (e.g., random blood sugar)

Treatment: Hospitalization, control of general condition, intravenous antibiotics according to sensitivity, aural suction, and surgical debridement if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the common causes of traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane, and what are the clinical features?

A

Causes: Mechanical trauma (e.g., blast injuries, slap), otitic barotrauma, and as a part of middle ear fracture (e.g., skull base fractures)
Clinical features: Pain, bleeding per ear, hearing loss, and tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the composition of ear wax, and what are the clinical features of impacted wax?

A

Composition: Sebaceous and cerumenous glands
Clinical features: Possible hearing loss
Treatment: Soft ear wash or removal by instruments/glycerin bicarbonate ear drops followed by ear wash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Otoscopy
Treatment: Observation, antibiotic ear drops (if needed), prevention of water entry into the ear, and surgical repair in large or non-healing cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the common causes of acute otitis media (AOM) in children, and what are the clinical features?

A

Causes: Bacterial infection (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis)
Clinical features: Otalgia, fever, irritability, hearing loss, otorrhea, and tympanic membrane bulging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is acute otitis media (AOM) diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Otoscopy (tympanic membrane bulging, erythema, effusion)
Treatment: Analgesics, antibiotics (amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate), and supportive care for fever and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the complications of acute otitis media (AOM)?

A

Perforation of the tympanic membrane
Mastoiditis
Intracranial complications (e.g., meningitis, brain abscess)

15
Q

What are the common causes of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and what are the clinical features?

A

Causes: Prolonged or recurrent bacterial infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus)
Clinical features: Discharge from the ear, hearing loss, tympanic membrane perforation, and possible cholesteatoma formation

16
Q

How is chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Otoscopy (perforation, discharge), culture and sensitivity (C&S) of the discharge
Treatment: Adequate aural toilet, topical antibiotics, and surgery for cholesteatoma or non-healing cases

17
Q

What are the complications of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)?

A

Cholesteatoma
Mastoiditis
Facial nerve palsy
Labyrinthitis
Intracranial complications (e.g., meningitis, brain abscess)

18
Q

What is adhesive otitis media, and what are its clinical features?

A

Adhesive otitis media is the formation of a retracted and atrophic tympanic membrane with fixation of the ossicles.
Clinical features: Hearing loss, aural fullness, and possible tinnitus

18
Q

How is adhesive otitis media diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Otoscopy (retracted tympanic membrane, ossicular fixation)
Treatment: Observation, hearing aids, and surgical intervention if necessary

19
Q

What is otosclerosis, and what are its clinical features?

A

Otosclerosis is the abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, affecting the stapes bone.
Clinical features: Progressive conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, and possible balance issues

20
Q

How is otosclerosis diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Audiometry (conductive hearing loss with normal bone conduction), CT scan (otosclerotic foci)
Treatment: Hearing aids, stapedectomy, or stapedotomy surgery

21
Q

What is sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), and what are its clinical features?

A

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a rapid-onset hearing loss, usually unilateral, occurring over a 72-hour period.
Clinical features: Rapid onset of hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness, and possible vertigo

22
Q

How is sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) diagnosed and treated?

A

Diagnosis: Audiometry (sudden sensorineural hearing loss), MRI (to rule out retrocochlear pathology)
Treatment: High-dose oral steroids, antiviral therapy (if viral etiology suspected), and possible hyperbaric oxygen therapy

23
Q

What are the common causes of presbycusis (age-related hearing loss)?

A

Degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea
Changes in the blood supply to the cochlea
Genetic factors
Noise exposure throughout life

24
Q

What are the causes of traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane?

A

Mechanical causes, such as sudden compression on the tympanic membrane (e.g., blast injuries, slap)
Otitic barotrauma due to changes in pressure of the middle ear
As a part of middle ear fracture, such as skull base fractures

25
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of traumatic perforation?

A

Pain
Bleeding from the ear
Hearing loss
Tinnitus

26
Q

What is the recommended treatment for traumatic perforation?

A

Avoid getting water in the ear
Consider systemic antibiotic treatment
Myringoplasty after 3 to 6 months

26
Q

What is secretory otitis media (OME) and what causes it?

A

Secretory otitis media is characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs of acute inflammation.
Adenoid hypertrophy is a common cause of OME.

26
Q

What investigations are recommended for traumatic perforation?

A

Audiological assessment
Tympanometry

27
Q

What are the treatment options for secretory otitis media?

A

Medical treatment may include antibiotics and nasal decongestants.
Surgical options may include myringotomy and insertion of ventilation tubes, as well as adenoidectomy.

27
Q

What investigations are useful in diagnosing secretory otitis media?

A

Tympanometry (Type B pattern)
Otoscopy to look for fluid level, air bubbles, and congestion

28
Q

What is acute otitis media (AOM)?

A

Acute otitis media is the acute inflammation of the middle ear cleft.

29
Q

What are the stages of acute otitis media?

A

tage of Estachian tube dysfunction (Stage of Congestion)
Stage of Effusion
Stage of suppuration before perforation

30
Q

What are the common symptoms of acute otitis media?

A

Earache
Hearing loss or fullness in the ear
Fever

31
Q

What investigations are recommended for acute otitis media?

A

Tympanometry
Audiometry to assess for conductive hearing loss

32
Q

What are the treatment options for acute otitis media?

A

Medical treatment includes antibiotics, analgesics, and antipyretics.

Aural suction and avoiding water in the ear are also advised.
Nasal decongestants may be used.

Surgical options include myringotomy with culture and sensitivity testing, especially in cases of bulging tympanic membrane or resistance to medical treatment.

Myringotomy may be performed in cases of facial palsy, high or small perforation, bulging tympanic membrane in early infants, or when resistance to medical treatment persists for more than 48 hours.

Cortical mastoidectomy may be considered to eradicate infection, but not for exploration of the facial nerve (VII N.).

33
Q

What are the common causes of middle ear hearing loss?

A

Congenital anomalies of the ossicles
Tympanic membrane perforations due to physical trauma
Haemotympanum secondary to longitudinal fracture of the temporal bone
Middle ear effusion resulting from otitic barotraumas
Inflammation such as acute otitis media, chronic suppurative otitis media, secretory otitis media, and adhesive otitis media
Neoplastic conditions including locally malignant glomus jugulare and malignant carcinoma

33
Q

What are the clinical features and diagnostic investigations for glomus tumors in the middle ear?

A

Clinical features: Unilateral pulsating tinnitus, hearing loss, cranial nerve palsy (J.F.S, VII, VIII, XII)
Diagnostic investigations: CT temporal, MRI, angiography, audiological assessment, urine analysis (vanilmandelic acid)

33
Q

What are the characteristics and treatment options for malignant tumors of the ear?

A

Type: Squamous cell carcinoma of the external or middle ear
Predisposing factors: Long-standing otorrhea
Clinical features: Serosanguinous discharge (blood, necrotic tissue), hearing loss, facial palsy, fleshy necrotic mass in the external ear, late earache
Diagnostic investigations: CT and MRI, biopsy
Treatment options: Radiotherapy and chemotherapy

34
Q

What is otosclerosis and how is it managed?

A

Otosclerosis is characterized by the fixation of the footplate of the stapes due to new spongy bone formation in the oval window, resulting in conductive hearing loss.
Clinical features: Conductive hearing loss and potentially vertigo and endolymphatic hydrops
Treatment: Sodium fluoride for stopping disease progression and positive Schwartz’s sign, hearing aid for patients who refuse surgery or have sensorineural hearing loss, surgical intervention with stapedectomy using a Teflon piston prosthesis

35
Q

What are the common causes and types of sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Causes in the cochlea (inner ear): Congenital (hereditary or non-hereditary), traumatic (mechanical or acoustic trauma), iatrogenic (e.g., stapedectomy), inflammatory (infective or toxic labyrinthitis), vascular, senile hearing loss (presbycusis), and miscellaneous (Meniere’s disease)
Cochlear nerve affection: Acoustic neuroma
Higher brain centers (brain stem/cerebral cortex) involvement: Inflammatory, vascular, trauma, tumors, demyelinating diseases, and functional causes

36
Q

What are the complications of ear wash and its contraindications?

A

Complications: Otitis externa, injury to the tympanic membrane, and vertigo (due to vagal or thermal stimulation)
Contraindications: Labyrinthine fistula, perforated tympanic membrane, and otitis externa

CNS clinical (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions