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Intro to Audiology Class > hearing disorders > Flashcards

hearing disorders Flashcards

1
Q

nerves that carry impulses from the periphery toward the brain

A

afferent

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2
Q

A condition associated with aging that accounts for some 60-70% of senile dementias and is associated with a variety of symptoms, most notably memory loss

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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3
Q

The widened end of each of the three semicircular canals where they return to the utricle. Each ampulla contains an end organ for the sense of equilibrium

A

ampulla

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4
Q

absence of the pinna

A

anotia

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5
Q

congenital closure of a normally open body orifice, such as the external auditory canal

A

atresia

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6
Q

the cartilaginous appendage of the external ear

A

auricle

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7
Q

paralysis of the peripheral branch of the facial nerve (VII)

A

bells palsy

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8
Q

an artifact in the bone-conduction audiograms patients with otosclerosis making it appear that their sensorineural sensitivity is slightly poorer than it truly is. It is most evident at 2000 Hz and often disappears following corrective surgery

A

carhart notch

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9
Q

that area at the base of brain at the junction of the cerebellum, medulla, and pons

A

cerebellopontine angle

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10
Q

a tumor, usually occurring in the middle ear and mastoid, that combines fats and epithelium from outside the middle ear space

A

cholesteatoma

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11
Q

loss of sound sensitivity produced by abnormalities of the outer ear and/or middle ear

A

conductive hearing loss

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12
Q

a series of arches made up of the rods of Corti in the cochlear duct

A

Corti’s arch

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13
Q

the impairment of cognitive and intellectual functions. It is usually progressive and age-related and characterized by disorientation, impaired memory, judgement, and intellect

A

Dementia

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14
Q

the smaller of two cochlear nuclei on each side of the brain; it receives fibers from the cochlea on the the ipsilateral side

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus

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15
Q

sometimes called “trisomy 21 syndrome,” _______ is characterized by a small, slightly flattened skull; low-set ears; abnormal digits; and other unusual facial and body characteristics

A

down syndrome

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16
Q

nerves that carry impulses from the brain toward the periphery

A

efferent

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17
Q

the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear in both of the the auditory and vestibular portions

A

endolymph

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18
Q

infection of the outer ear. Also called otitis externa

A

External Otitis

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19
Q

an inability to perform socially useful functions due to hearing loss. A given disability may, or may not, present a handicap

A

hearing disability

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20
Q

the ways in which a hearing loss has a frustrating effect on individual roles or goals

A

hearing handicap

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21
Q

abnormality of structure or function that is physiological, psychological, or anatomical

A

hearing impairment

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22
Q

inflammation of the labyrinth, resulting in hearing loss and vertigo

A

labyrinthitis

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23
Q

process of the malleus embedded in the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

A

manubrium

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24
Q

an operation to remove infected cells of the mastoid. Mastoidectomies are termed as simple, radical, and modified radical, depending on the extent of surgery

A

mastoidectomy

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25
Q

infection of the mastoid

A

mastoiditis

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26
Q

the highest level of noise that can be presented to one ear through an earphone before the noise crosses the skull and shifts the threshold of the opposite ear

A

maximum masking

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27
Q

a disease of the inner ear whose symptoms include tinnitus, vertigo, and hearing loss (usually fluctuating and unilateral)

A

Meniere’s disease

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28
Q

procedures for testing the hearing function that do not require behavioral responses

A

objective audiometry

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29
Q

procedures for testing the hearing function that do not require behavioral responses

A

objective audiometry

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30
Q

the end organ of hearing found within the Scala media of the cochlea

A

organ of Corti

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31
Q

inflammation of bone caused by a purulent infection

A

osteomyelitis

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32
Q

pain in the ear

A

otalgia

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33
Q

any infection of the middle ear

A

otitis media

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34
Q

sounds emanating from the cochlea that can be detected in the external auditory canal with probe-tube microphones

A

otoacoustic emissions (OAEs)

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35
Q

The outer ear is responsible for

A

gathering sounds from the acoustical environment and funneling them into the auditory mechanism.

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36
Q

The ____develops from the first two pharyngeal arches

A

auricle

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37
Q

About 28 days after conception of the human embryo, bulges begin to appear on either side of the tissue that will develop into the head and neck.

A

pharyngeal arches

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38
Q

The _____forms from the first arch, and the __________form from the second arch.

A

tragus; helix and antitragus

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39
Q

The most noticeable portion of the outer-ear mechanism is the _____

A

auricle or pinna

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40
Q

The auricle is made entirely of______

A

cartilage

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41
Q

The bottom-most portion of the auricle is the _______

A

lobule, or ear lobe

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42
Q

This portion of the external ear aids in the human ability to localize the sources of sounds that come from in front of, behind, below, and above the head

A

middle ear

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43
Q

a tube, formed in the side of the head, beginning at the concha and extending inward at a slight upward angle for approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) in adults.

A

The external auditory canal

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44
Q

The major product of these secretions is earwax, or _____

A

cerumen

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45
Q

The combination of ________ helps to keep foreign objects, such as insects, from passing into the inner two-thirds of the canal.

A

hairs and cerumen

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46
Q

The inner area of the EAC passes through the ____

A

tympanic portion of the temporal bone.

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47
Q

a protrusion of the mandible (jawbone),
comes to rest just below the osseocartilaginous junction when the jaw is closed

A

condyle

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48
Q

If the
mandible overrides its normal position, as in the case of missing or worn molar teeth or
a misaligned jaw, the condyle presses into the junction, causing pain. The term t________ has been coined for this neuralgia. The syndrome produces a referred pain, perceived in the ear, which constitutes a significant amount of otalgia (ear pain) in adults

A

temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome

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49
Q

The EAC canal angles downward in children, rather than upward, and is at a more acute angle

A

true

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50
Q

The _______ is situated
at the end of the canal, where it is protected from trauma and where it can be kept at
constant temperature and humidity levels

A

tympanic membrane

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51
Q

The tympanic membrane is extremely thin, averaging about 0.07 mm and has been described as a small conical-shaped loudspeaker. I

A

true

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52
Q

largest bone of the middle ear

A

malleus

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53
Q

This reflection, known as _____ is sometimes referred to as a
hallmark of a healthy eardrum.

A

“the cone of light”

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54
Q

When conditions occur that interfere with or block the normal sound vibrations transmitted through the outer ear,______ hearing loss results

A

conductive

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55
Q

Congenital malformations of the auricle have also been associated with other disorders, such as____

A

Down syndrome

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56
Q

When the auricle protrudes markedly from the head, or when it is pressed tightly against the skull, a simple surgical procedure called ________may be performed.

A

otoplasty or pinnaplasty

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57
Q

______ the most common form of skin cancer,
can appear on the _____of the ear following too much exposure to the ultraviolet light of the sun

A

Basal cell carcinoma; helix

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58
Q

the cartilaginous portion, the bony portion, or the entirety of the external auditory canal has never formed at all. this lack of canalization is called

A

atresia

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59
Q

_______, involves the facial bones, especially the cheek and lower jaw; the auricle; and congenital atresia of the EAC

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

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60
Q

A number of abnormalities of the middle ear and temporal
bone are seen with Treacher Collins syndrome, making surgical correction quite difficult.

A

true

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61
Q

The ______ is often first noticed in children because of the obvious anomalies of the pinna and external auditory canal.

A

CHARGE syndrome

62
Q

CHARGE syndrome stands for

A

This acronym stands for coloboma (a keyhole slot
in the retina, iris, or optic nerve), heart disorders, atresia choanae (blockage of the respiratory passages), retarded growth and development, genitourinary abnormalities, and ear
anomalies.

63
Q

CHARGE syndrome occurs in

A

occurs in one out of every 10,000 to 15,000
births

64
Q

Trauma to the outer ear may result in an unsightly blood
blister, called a

A

hematoma

65
Q

a marked ______ or narrowing of the
canal

A

stenosis

66
Q

Stenotic EACs do not produce hearing loss, as does atresia, although earwax or other debris can easily clog the very narrow lumen and thus cause a conductive problem

A

true

67
Q

when an atresia is seen, it must be suspected that the tympanic membrane and middle ear may likewise be involved.

A

true

68
Q

If a foreign object is pushed past the osseocartilaginous junction of the external ear canal, swelling at the isthmus formed by this junction may result

A

true

69
Q

An infection that occurs in the skin of the external auditory canal is called

A

external otitis

70
Q

The condition is often referred to as swimmer’s ear because it frequently develops in people who have had water trapped in their ears.

A

external otitis

71
Q

another name for external otitis

A

swimmers ear

72
Q

a fungal external-ear infection, which is rare and
may be caused by the overuse of eardrops.

A

otomycosis

73
Q

an almost ideal environment for the development of bacterial growth because the skin is thin and the area is dark, warm, and often moist

A

external auditory canal

74
Q

infection of hair follicles

A

Furunculosis

75
Q

Inflammations of the tympanic membrane are called

A

myringitis.

76
Q

This condition is particularly threatening to diabetic and elderly patients, and may result in massive bone destruction in the external, middle, and inner ears.

A

necrotizing or malignant external otitis

77
Q

Bony tumors, called ______, do not present hearing problems unless their size is such that the lumen of the canal is occluded and conductive hearing loss results; however, they may result in serious infection of the EAC.

A

osteomas

78
Q

the outward projections for the surfaces of bone, are sometimes seen in the ears of people who have done a great deal of swimming in cold water

A

exostoses

79
Q

When the canal is small, cerumen may become blocked but will not cause a hearing loss.

A

false

80
Q

Overzealous cleaning of the external ears, however, may result in cerumen being pushed from the cartilaginous canal into the bony canal, where natural cleansing cannot take place.

A

true

81
Q

To facilitate cerumen removal, an approved _____chemical substance known to soften earwax safely, may be used.

A

cerumenolytic

82
Q

An ancient technique purported to be effective for cerumen removal, which may go back nearly 5000 years, is called ear candling

A

true

83
Q

A frequent cause of perforation is direct trauma from a pointed object such as a cotton swab or hairpin.

A

true

84
Q

Surgical repair of a perforated tympanic membrane is called

A

myringoplasty

85
Q

is a condition of calcification caused by either inflammation or infection,

A

tympanosclerosis

86
Q

The ___ear carries vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear by transferring the sound energy from the air in
the outer ear to the fluids of the inner ear.

A

middle

87
Q

Below the floor of the middle ear is the _____, and behind the anterior wall is the ____

A

jugular bulb; carotid artery

88
Q

The space in the middle ear above the tympanic membrane is called the

A

epitympanic recess

89
Q

the middle ear is separated from the external auditory
canal by the

A

tympanic membrane

90
Q

The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx, the
area where the back of the throat and the nose communicate via the eustachian tube

A

true

91
Q

the area where the back of the throat and the nose communicate

A

nasopharynx

92
Q

eustachian tube is also called

A

auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube

93
Q

The entire middle-ear cleft is lined with ____

A

mucous membrane

94
Q

like the outer ear the middle ear and eustachian tube form from the first two arches of the pharyngeal arch system

A

true

95
Q

The oval window is formed by about the 47th gestational day.

A

true

96
Q

Above the promontory is the _____window and below it the ____window, both of whose names are derived from their shapes

A

oval; round

97
Q

The _____ window is covered by a very
thin, but tough and elastic, membrane.

A

round

98
Q

The ___window is filled by a membrane that
supports the base of the stapes, the tiniest bone in the human body

A

oval

99
Q

the middle ear contains a set of three very
small bones called .

A

ossicles

100
Q

the ossicles are

A

malleus incus and stapes

101
Q

Process of the malleus embedded in the fibrous
layer of the tympanic membrane.

A

manubrium

102
Q

The ____ has a long process, or crus, which turns abruptly to a very short crus, the lenticular process.

A

incus

103
Q

The average adult tympanic membrane is ______to ______ mm2
, but the effective vibrating area is only about 55 mm2

A

85 to 90

104
Q

contains a portion of the facial (VIIth cranial) nerve, passes through the middle ear as a protrusion on its medial wall.

A

fallopian canal

105
Q

The ______nerve is a branch of the facial nerve that passes through the middle-ear space. This nerve carries information about the sensation of taste from the anterior two-thirds of one side of the tongue.

A

chorda tympani nerve

106
Q

The _____muscle (length 7 mm, cross section 5 mm2) originates in the posterior (mastoid) wall of the middle ear.

A

stapedius

107
Q

Small muscle that is innervated by the trigeminal nerve and inserted into the malleus in the middle ear. It is one of two small muscles in the middle ear that contract in response to intense acoustic stimulation

A

tensor tympani muscle

108
Q

Theoretically, bone-conduction hearing should be unchanged
from normal unless the inner ear becomes involved;

A

true

109
Q

Many, although not all, middle-ear disorders arise from poor function of the

A

eustachian tube

110
Q

Any condition that interferes with the eustachian tube’s function of equating air pressure between the middle ear and outer ear may result in a drop in pressure as the air trapped within the middle ear becomes absorbed by the tissues that line it without normal replenishment through the eustachian tube

A

true

111
Q

Inflation of the middle ear via the eustachian
tube by forcing air through the nose

A

politzerization

112
Q

The patient may auto-inflate the eustachian tube by increased pressure on forced
expiration with the nostrils held shut, a maneuver called

A

valsalva

113
Q

____accomplishes eustachian tube opening when the patient closes the jaw, holds the nose, and swallows

A

toynbee mneuver

114
Q

One of the most common disorders of the middle ear causing conductive hearing loss is infection of the middle-ear space, or

A

otitis media

115
Q

It is seen in nearly 70 percent of children born in the United States before they are 2 years old, with more than half of these
children experiencing further episodes.

A

otitis media

116
Q

Otitis media is more common in children than adults because
their eustachian tubes are horizontal and shorter, making the entrance of bacteria to the
middle ear easier

A

true

116
Q

Otitis media is more common in children than adults because
their eustachian tubes are horizontal and shorter, making the entrance of bacteria to the
middle ear easier

A

true

117
Q

sudden changes in air pressure, as when flying or diving

A

barotrauma

118
Q

otitis media is most common in the ___months

A

winter

119
Q

otitis media disease is more common in males than in females

A

true

120
Q

the most commonly identified risk factor for otitis media is socioeconomic status

A

true

121
Q

A major contributing cause of otitis media, especially in
children, is

A

exposure to tobacco smoke

122
Q

In suppurative otitis media, the mucosa becomes filled with excessive amounts of blood, the superficial cells break down, and pus accumulates.

A

true

123
Q

Bleeding in the middle ear from any cause is called

A

hemotympanum

124
Q

___presents as a rapid onset of inflammation of the middle ear.

A

Acute otitis media

125
Q

Incision of the tympanic membrane to relieve the fluid pressure and suction out the remaining fluid

A

myringotomy

126
Q

Short tube or grommet placed through a myringotomy incision in a tympanic membrane to allow for middle-ear ventilation.

A

pressure equalizing tube

127
Q

form as a sac, with onionlike concentric rings made up of keratin (a very insoluble protein) mixed with squamous
(scaly) epithelium and with fats such as cholesterol.

A

Cholesteatomas

128
Q

Any discharge from the external auditory canal or
from the middle ear.

A

otorrhea

129
Q

surgery operation to remove infected cells of the
mastoid.

A

mastoidectomy

130
Q

Surgical reconstruction of the middle-ear auditory apparatus is called

A

tympanoplasty

131
Q

Surgical reconstruction of the middle-ear auditory apparatus is called

A

myringoplasty

132
Q

In some cases of chronic otitis media, the bony covering of the fallopian canal becomes eroded, exposing the facial nerve to the disease process. Damage to the facial nerve may
result in a flaccid paralysis of one side of the face.

A

bells palsy

133
Q

A condition produced by some middle-ear or
eustachian tube abnormalities, in which individuals’ voices
seem louder than normal to themselves.

A

autophony

134
Q

This condition is observed more often in females than in males and has been associated with pregnancy. Some patients have claimed that their distorted autophony causes an echoing effect that interferes with their speech production. Other annoying effects of patulous eustachian tube include the sound of breathing and noises during chewing as the sound travels up the tube.

A

patulous eustachian tube

135
Q

The laying down of new bone in the middle ear, usually around the footplate of the stapes. When it interferes with stapedial vibration, it produces a progressive conductive hearing loss.

A

otosclerosis

136
Q

a common cause of hearing loss in adults, is hereditary in at least 70 percent of all cases

A

otosclerosis

137
Q

Red glow seen through the tympanic membrane and produced by increased vascularity of the promontory in some cases of otosclerosis.

A

schwartze sign

138
Q

condition found among patients with conductive hearing loss in which they understand speech better in noisy than in quiet surroundings.

A

paracusis willisii

139
Q

One interesting and peculiar symptom of otosclerosis is paracusis willisii. Patients with otosclerosis often exhibit a bluish cast to the whites of their eyes, similar to that found with certain other bone diseases.

A

true

140
Q

Over 50 years ago, Carhart (1964) showed that the first symptom of otosclerosis is the
appearance of a low-frequency air-bone gap

A

true

141
Q

Artifact in the bone-conduction audiograms
of patients with otosclerosis that makes it appear as though
their sensorineural sensitivity is slightly poorer than it truly
is. It is most evident at 2,000 Hz and often disappears following corrective surgery.

A

carhart notch

142
Q

treatment of otosclerosis “removal of the stapes”

A

stapedectomy

143
Q

To reduce risks in stapedectomy, many middle-ear surgeons today prefer to use a small fenestra (small hole in the bone between the middle and inner ear) and avoid the trauma to the inner ear caused by complete removal of the stapedial footplate.

A

true

144
Q

The cavity of the inner ear containing the organs of
equilibrium and giving access to the cochlea

A

vestibule

145
Q

The vestibule is filled with a fluid called

A

perilymph.

146
Q

Differentiation of the inner ear begins during the ____

A

third week of gestation

147
Q

The cochlear turns begin to develop at about the sixth week and are complete by

A

ninth or tenth week

148
Q

known as the cone of light,
appears in the inferior/anterior quadrant of the
tympanic membrane

A

true

149
Q

Because of connections in the brain between the vestibular
portion of the auditory nerve and the oculomotor nerve, a rapid rocking movement
of the eyes, called nystagmus, frequently occurs

A

Intro to Audiology Class (3 decks)

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