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HPL > Hearing and Balance > Flashcards

Hearing and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Pinna

A

Visible part of the outer ear

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2
Q

Ear canal

A

Part of the outer ear Channels sound waves to the ear drum.

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3
Q

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

A

The ear drum or Tympanic Membrane.

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4
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate.

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5
Q

What are Ossicles and what do they do? Name the Ossicles.

A

They are 3 bones that pick up vibrations from the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and pass them to the inner ear. 1. Malleus (Hammer) 2. Incus (Anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup)

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6
Q

The inner is is filled with air/fluid?

A

Fluid

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7
Q

Cochlea

A

It is a snail like shell filled with fluid. Vibrations in the cochlea are received through either:

  • Outer/middle ear
  • Skull by skull conduction
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8
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

Information from the cochlea is detected by the auditory nerve, leading directly to the cortex of the brain.

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9
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Is connected to the passage of the nose and throat.

It equalizes pressure between the outer atmosphere and the inner ear.

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10
Q

What is the vestibular system made up of?

A
  1. Semi-circular canals
  2. Otoliths
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11
Q

What do the semi-circular canals measure and how many are there?

A

The 3 semi-circular canals measure angular acceleration (yaw, roll, pitch)

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12
Q

Name the Otoliths.

What do they do?

A
  1. Utricle
  2. Saccule

They consist of hair cells, which sense linear acceleration (anything over 0.1m/s2)

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13
Q

The Vestibular system sends information to ______ and it perceives ______.

A

The Cerebellum, which perceives balance.

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14
Q

The Audible Range is:

A

20-20.000Hz

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15
Q

What is the most sensitive audible range?

A

750 - 4.000 Hz

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16
Q

Which tones are the most distracting?

A

High frequency tones

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17
Q

Which is more disruptive:

Intermittent noise and sudden noise

or

Continuous noise?

A

Intermittent and sudden noise

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18
Q

Desibals (dB) is measured on a _______ scale.

A

logarithmic scale (low change in dB is a large change in noise).

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19
Q

Noise induced hearing loss is permanent/temporary and caused what?

A

Temporary.

It is caused by over-exposure to noise at 90dB or more.

It causes a temporary damage to the membrane of the cochlea.

20
Q

Discomfort in ear begins at __dB.

It becomes painful at __dB.

You can rupture an eardrum (temporary) at _dB.

A

Discomfort in ear begins at 120dB.

It becomes painful at 140dB.

You can rupture an eardrum (temporary) at 160dB.

21
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

What is it?

What can cause it?

A

It’s when we have a failure in teh sound conductive elements (ossicles/tympanic membrane).

Can be caused by:

  • Trauma
  • Too much wax
  • Cold/Infection
  • Damage to auditory nerve.
22
Q

Presbycusis

What is it?

What causes it?

Which tones go first?

A

Hearing loss due to age.

High tones go first.

23
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

Constant noise in ear (roaring, ringin, humming, buzzing).

24
Q

What is linear acceleration and what is it detected by?

A

Linear acceleration is acceleration/deceleration in linear flight/Take off/landing.

It is detected by the otoliths (utricle/saccule)

25
Q

What is Radial/Centripedal acceleration?

A

When we are experiencing rotation on an axis external to our body (e.g. spin)

26
Q

What is Angular/Transverse acceleration and what is it detected by?

A

Rotation on axis internal to our body.

It is detected by the semi-circular canals.

27
Q

Which acceleration has the biggest physiological effects on a pilot?

A

Radial/Centripedal Acceleration

28
Q

+/- Gx

A

Forwards and backwards movement

-Gx = moving backwards

+Gx = moving forwards

29
Q

+/- Gy

A

Sideways movement (lateral)

-Gy = left movement

+Gy = right movement

30
Q

+/- Gz

A

Vertical movement

-Gz = downwards movement

+Gz = upwards movement

31
Q

1 +Gz effects:

A
  • Blood pools in lower part of body (legs)
  • Increases our hydrostatic variation (difference between blood pressure in head and body
32
Q

2 +Gz effects:

A
  • body and limbs become harder to move
  • can experience cramps in calf muscles
33
Q

3 +Gz effects:

A
  • Organs are displaced downwards
  • Facial features displaced downwards
34
Q

3.5 +Gz effects:

A
  • Can experience gray out
    • Rods are less effective (not enough O2 in rods)
35
Q

4-5 +Gz effects:

A
  • Trouble breathing.
  • Diaphragm pushed downwards
  • Respiration difficulties
36
Q

>5 +Gz effects:

A
  • Not enough blood in head –> blackout
  • Loss of consciousness
    • Can fracture vertabrae
37
Q

How do you reduce the effects of +Gz?

A
  • Tense muscles
  • Anti G-suit
38
Q

Effects of -Gz:

A
  • decreases our hydrostatic variation (much blood in the head)
  • Face can be bright red
  • Eyes get red
  • Organs forced up
  • Facial feautures pushed up
  • Reduces heart rate
  • Causes red-out (sight goes red)
39
Q

Body can withstand ____ -Gz

A

2-3 -Gz

40
Q

Which has a greater effect on the body: -Gz or +Gz?

A

-Gz

41
Q

Long term exposure to G forces is defined as:

A

more than 1 sec

42
Q

Short term exposure to G forces is defined as:

A

less than 1 second

43
Q

Factors that affect G-tolerance

A
  • Smoking
  • Hypoxia
  • Stress
  • Heat
  • Obesity
  • Fatigue
  • etc.
44
Q

Long term exposure to G forces:

relaxed person vs tensed person

A

relaxed person: +3.5G

Tensed person +7-8G

45
Q

Short term exposure to G forces:

Vertical

Linear

A

Vertical:

+25Gz, -2 - -3Gz

Linear:

+45G

46
Q
A

HPL (6 decks)

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