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Microbiology Heaphy > Heaphy > Flashcards

Heaphy Flashcards

1
Q

What is transduction?

A

Phage (virus) dependent transfer, the genetic information of an infected cell can become degraded as the viruses replicate, causing some new phage to mistakenly encompass the bacterial DNA

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2
Q

What are the two bacteriophage life cycles?

A

Temperate - Phage protein repressed so the viral chromosome replicates harmlessly as the bacterial chromosome replicates
Virulent - Lytic cycle where infection quickly gives rise to a large number of genetically identical clones

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3
Q

What is the order of classification of organisms

A

Domain, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species

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4
Q

What is conjugation?

A

F+ plasmid proteins are needed for this process. It is copied and passed through a sex pilus to another cell and some of the donor cell’s genome goes along with it

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5
Q

What is the smallest free living bacterial genome?

A

Mycoplasma genatalium

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6
Q

What is transformation?

A

Uptake of DNA from dead/degraded bacteria

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7
Q

What family do viruses belong to?

A

Viridae

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8
Q

What are transposable elements? What are the simple and complex forms called?

A

DNA that are able to move between other DNA molecules. Simplest form are insertion sequences, complex form are transposons

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9
Q

What is the progressive theory of the origin of viruses?

A

Viruses are normal cellular nucleic acids that developed the ability to replicate autonomously

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10
Q

What are the steps of viral infection?

A 
Attachment 
Penetration
Uncoating and incorporation of genetic information
Assembly 
Exit
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11
Q

Name an example of a virus with a lipid bilayer coating

A

HIV

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12
Q

What are the types of capsid that a virus could have?

A

Helical or icosahedral

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13
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Able to change shape

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14
Q

What two techniques are used to determine viral structure?

A

Electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography

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15
Q

What does the capsid protect the virus from?

A

Physical damage

Chemical damage e.g. UV radiation or enzyme breakdown

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16
Q

Advantages of capsomeres

A

Self-assembly is easier with identical subunits
Using smaller proteins reduces the chances of error and if an error does occur it’s unlikely to have an extensive effect
The virus becomes more stable as subunits are added

17
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of disease

18
Q

What microorganism causes cholera?

A

Vibrio Cholerae

19
Q

Where do T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes mature?

A

T lymphocytes - Thymus

B lymphocytes - Bone marrow

20
Q

What causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

21
Q

What is the difference between curds and whey?

A

Curds are the solid protein and fat portions, the whey is the liquid portion

22
Q

What is the definition of fermentation?

A

When the reductant and oxidant redox couple are both organic

23
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the cellular DNA in an organism

24
Q

What are the stages of a measles infection?

A

1) Contact
2) 10 day incubation period
3) Prodromal period with general symptoms
4) Acute phase with more specific symptoms e.g. rash
5) Crisis – overheating
6) Decline – sweating
7) Convalescence – back to normal

25
Q

Which two species acidify and ferment milk?

A

Streptococcus Cremoris and Streptococcus Lactis

26
Q

What organism does TAQ polymerase come from?

A

Thermus Aquaticus

27
Q

What are the stages of PCR and the temperatures they are carried out at?

A

Denaturation

Annealing

28
Q

What does Cas9 come from?

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes

29
Q

What makes Quorn?

A

Fusarium Venenatum

30
Q

Cryptosporidium and T.gondii are what?

A

Coccidia

31
Q

What are in T.gondii cysts?

A

Bradyzoites

32
Q

What is a chemoautotroph?

A

An organism which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

33
Q

What does a lithotroph use?

A

Inorganic chemicals

34
Q

Fact about positive sense RNA

A

They can be directly infectious
Untranslated regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends
5’ mehylated nucleotide cap
3’ poly-A tail

35
Q

Fact about negative sense RNA

A

Have to have their own RNA polymerase

Segmented - many separate strands

36
Q

What is a medium sized DNA virus called?

A

Lambda

37
Q

What does cholera cause

A

Exhaustive diarrhoea and vomiting

Microbiology Heaphy (1 decks)

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