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UM2010 GI block > Heamatology - White Blood Cells Disorders > Flashcards

Heamatology - White Blood Cells Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

An abnormally low white cell count

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2
Q

What is the level of leucopenia that indicates moderate to severe?

A

<0.5 x 10^9 /L

Associated with a progressive increase in risk and severity of infection, and increase in recurrent infections.

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3
Q

What do levels of < 0.2 × 10 9 /L associated with in leucopenia?

A

High mortality from overehelming infection

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4
Q

What is the lower limit neutrophil count of normal (except in Afro- Caribbean races and in the Middle East, whereitis1.5×109 /L)?

A

2.5 × 10^9 /L

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5
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

An increase in nukbers of circulating whit blood cells

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6
Q

What causes leucocytosis?

A

Primary—caused by bone marrow disease

Secondary—reactive leucocytosis caused by the normal response of bone marrow to abnormal conditions, e.g., infection.

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7
Q

What are the factors that influence peripheral blood lymphocyte count?

A
  • Size of the myeloid and lymphoid precursor and storage cell pools
  • Rate of release of cells from the storage pools
  • Proportion of cells that are adherent to blood vessel walls at any time
  • Rate of extravasation of cells from the blood into tissues.
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8
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Any malignancy of lymphoid tissue ( both irgans and cells)

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9
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Progessive and malignant disease of blood forming organs

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10
Q

Lymphoma or leukaemia ?

  • adults
  • more common
  • its cells will not appear in thr bloodstream
A

Lymphoma

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11
Q

Lymphoma or leukaemia?

  • chilhood cancer
  • excess of white blood cells in the bloodstream
A

Leukaemia

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12
Q

Malignant growth in the bone marrow leading to an increased number of circulating immature or abnormal leukocytes which do not function properly.

A

Leukaemia

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13
Q

In leukamea, immature white blood cells lead to?

A

Reduced immune function

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14
Q

Common features of leukemias are?

A

Bone matrow failure (anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia)

Gout

Metastasis

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15
Q

What are rhe symptoms of acute leukaemia?

A

Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia

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16
Q

What factors predict poor prognosis in ALL?

A

Increase age
High white cell count
Cytogenetic abnormalities
Poor response to treatment

17
Q

What is the classificstion of acute lymphocytic leukaemia?

A

L1 - Small uniform blast cells with scanty cytoplasm
L2 - Large heterogeneous blast cells with nucleoli and low nuclear– cytoplasmic ratio have more cytoplasm and more prominent nucleoli
L3 - Basophilic vacuolated blast cells

18
Q

What other classification is used for ALL?

A

numerical change

structural abnormality

19
Q

Between which ages is ALL more common?

A

2 and 4 years of age

20
Q

What is the most important prognostic feature of childhood ALL?

A

Minimal residual disease (MRD) testing with molecular monitoring using PCR of mutated genes or immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and leukaemic cells MRD status

21
Q

Patients who are MRD- negative after induction therapy carry a lower relapse risk than those who are MRD- positive and such patients undergo intensification of subsequent treatment, why?

A

To reduce the relapse risk

22
Q

What causes ALL?

A

Over 80% due to malignancies in precursors of B-lymphocytes (the rest is T-cell leukaemias)

23
Q

What is the cause of AML?

A

Immature progenitor cells accumulate in the bone marrow

24
Q

What are the usual sympotms of AML?

A

Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia

25
Q

What are the different types of white blood cell disorder?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukaemia - ALL
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - CLL

Acute myeloid lymphoma - AML
Chrinic myeloid leukaemia - CML

26
Q

What are the phases of CML?

A

Chronic - anemia, splenomegaly

Accelerated - dominance of malignat clone of myeloid cell

Blast crisis - transformation to AML

UM2010 GI block (4 decks)

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