Healthy Living

Question 1

1. Know the functions/jobs of the skeleton

Answer 1

• Protect organs
• To give our body shape and support
• the skeleton(with muscles) allow/provide movement

Question 2

2. Most important bones in the body

Answer 2

Cranium , mandible , clavicle , radius , ulna , femur , skull , tibia ,
fibula ,scapula , ribs

Question 3

3. Different types of joints

Answer 3

Fibrous (immovable) e.g skull
Cartilaginous (slightly movable) e.g spine
Synovial (freely movable)

Question 4

3. Types of synovial joints

Answer 4

Hinge joint e.g elbow,knee
Pivot joint e.g top of the neck 
Ball and socket joint e.g shoulder,hip 
Saddle joint e.g joint of thumb 
Condyloid joint e.g wrist 
Gliding joint e.g fingers

Question 5

4. Function of cartilage

Answer 5

Tough , flexible , at the end of the bone , acts like a cushion and reduces friction

Question 6

4. Function of tendon

Answer 6

Attaches bone to muscle , sturdy , non-elastic , size varies depending on the muscle

Question 7

4. Function of ligament

Answer 7

Attached bone to bone , elastic , stable , made of many fibers , strong

Question 8

5. What does antagonistic muscle mean

Answer 8

Antagonistic means doing the opposite . The biceps and triceps are antagonistic because when one contacts(gets short and fat) the other one relaxes(gets long and thin)

Question 9

7. How to be fit and the 4s factors

Answer 9

To be physically fit to be in a state of health and well-being
Speed - fast
Strength - strong
Suppleness - ability of bending (flexibility)
Stamina - ability to stay doing exercise (resistance)

Question 10

8. Know how exercise affects the pulse rate and breathing rate

Answer 10

After doing exercise our heart rate had increased , this is because our muscles needed more oxygen and glucose , and we need to get more carbon dioxide and water out . Our breathing rage gets faster and deeper , to help gas exchange .

Question 11

9. Know how muscles release energy from food using aerobic respiration

Answer 11

Respiration using oxygen to break down food molecules is called aerobic respiration. Glucose is the molecule normally used for respiration, Glucose is oxidizer to release its energy , which is stored in molecules .

Glucose + Oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Our muscles obtain energy from food by respiration in the mitochondria. This uses glucose from food and oxygen from breathing and it turns into carbon dioxide and water releasing energy.

Question 12

10. Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 12

Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells , including plant cells and animals cells . Iris the wat that energy is released from glucose so that all the other chemical processes needed for life can happen.

Question 13

Aerobic respiration

Answer 13

Aerobic respiration = is the process of burning in the mitochondria to release energy .

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glucose and oxygen react together in cells to produce carbon dioxide and water and releases energy . The reaction is called aerobic respiration because oxygen from the air is needed for it to work

Question 14

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 14

Anaerobic respiration = during hard exercise, not enough oxygen can reach your muscle cells . So , aerobic respiration is replaced with anaerobic respiration because oxygen from the air is needed for it to work .

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy that aerobic respiration. The waste product , lactic acid , build up in the muscles causing pain and tiredness. This leads to cramp . Lactic acidosis is only broken down when you start aerobic respiration again

Question 15

11. Know how are adapted to their job

Answer 15

The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. Some features include:

• The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick (thin)
• Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries which ensure a good blood supply
• They have a large surface area
• They have a moist surface

Question 16

12. Know what happens to the diaphragm and muscles when we breathe

Answer 16

When you breathe in , your diaphragm contacts and moved downwards . The volume/space in your chest cavity increases. The intercostal muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity . They contract and oír rib cage moved both upwards and outwards when we inhale .

When you breathe out, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles relax to reduce the space in the chest cavity . Your rib cage moves downwards and inwards.

Question 17

13. Major poisons of a cigarette smoke

Answer 17

Carbon monoxide : is a poisonous gas that reduces the amount of oxygen that red blood cells can carry around the body .

Nicotine : it is an addictive drug that affects the central nervous system . It increases the heart rate and narrows the blood vessels , causing high blood pressure .

Tar : it’s a brown , sticky substance that consists of tiny particles and is formed when tobacco smoke condenses . Tar paralyzes tiny hairs in the airways called cilia , which stops them removing mucus easily.

Question 18

14. Know what is needed for healthy teeth and bones

Answer 18

Calcium makes our teeth and bones stay healthy

Question 19

15. What is heart disease

Answer 19

Disease which affects the heart

Question 20

16. Know what are the effects of alcohol abuse

Answer 20

Alcohol is a poisonous and it damages nerve cells in the brain and can kill liver cells. It also affects the stomach and can cause a person to be sick . Alcohol can also cause stomach ulcers. You can also die of a disease called cirrhosis of the liver

Question 21

17. Legal and ilegal drugs

Answer 21

Legal - caffeine , alcohol , nicotine , tobacco

Ilegal - cannabis (marijuana) , cocaine , heroin , hallucinogens

Question 22

18. What are stimulants

Answer 22

Stimulants are a class of drug that increases activity in the brain . They can elevate alertness, mood and awareness . Many stimulants can also be addictive .

Question 23

18. What are depressants

Answer 23

Depressants are a class of drug that slows activity in the central nervous system. Depressants can treat anxiety and insomnia. Alcohol is the most widely used depressant.