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G543 > Healthy Living > Flashcards

Healthy Living Flashcards

1
Q

What is the aim of Bandura’s study 1977?

A

To assess the self- efficacy of patients engaging in systematics desensitisation for snake phobias

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2
Q

What is the aim f Becker’s study?

A

To use the health belief model to explain mothered adherence to drug regime for their asthmatic children

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3
Q

What is the aim of Rotters study?

A

To investigate the locus of control theory

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4
Q

What was the aim of Wakefield’s study?

A

To determine the relation between the extent of restriction on smoking at home, school and public places and smoking uptake and prevalence among school students

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5
Q

What was the aim of Keating’s study?

A

To assess the extent to which a mass-media campaign (VISION) focus sing on reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention resulted in increased awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS

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6
Q

What is the aim of Ruiter’s study?

A

To examine the effect of fear arousal on attitude towards participation towards participating in early detection activities (breast self examination for cancer)

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7
Q

What method was used in Ruiter’s study?

A

Lab experiment

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8
Q

Describe the sample used in Ruiter’s study

A

88 students from the Netherlands
Mean age of 20
Volunteer sample

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9
Q

What does Bandura’s theory of Self- Efficacy state?

A

We work harder if we think we can succeed

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10
Q

What are Bandura’s four factors that affect self- efficacy?

A
  • Enactive Influences - past experiences of success and failure.
  • Vicarious Influences- comparing oneself to others (role models)
  • Persuary Influences - feedback
  • Emotive Influences - feelings affecting performance
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11
Q

What is Rotter’s Locus of Control Theory?

A

The extent to which individuals believe they can control events.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a person with an Internal Locus of Control?

A
  • Feels personally able to influence events

- More likely to improve their health

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a person with an External Locus of Control?

A
  • Feels that factors outside their control influence events.

- More likely to absolve themselves of responsibility to their health

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14
Q

What are the three dimensions of health LOC that the Locus of Control scale measures?

A
  1. Internality- The extent to which an individual perceives internal control over their health.
  2. Chance- The belief that chance can influence health (external).
  3. Powerful Others- The belief in the control of health professionals in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
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15
Q

What were the results of Ruiter’s study?

A
  • Argument based messages were more effective than fear.

- Participants showing low fear did not differ attitudes

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16
Q

What did Ruiter’s conclude from his study?

A

Evoked fear motivates people into more argument based processing

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17
Q

What method did Wakefield use in his study?

A

Self report

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18
Q

Describe Wakefield’s study?

A
  • Random sampling
  • 17287 high school students aged 14-17 years old.
  • One school in every county
  • 80% students in sampled classes completed questionaires
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19
Q

What method was used in Wakefield’s study?

A

Questionnaire

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20
Q

What closed questions were used in Wakefield’s study?

A
  • Ask if adults in the home smokes.
  • Whether smoking was restricted at home or not
  • Whether smoking at school was banned or not and how well it was enforced
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21
Q

What were the 6 categories that participants were split into in Wakefield’s study?

A
  • “non- susceptible non-smokers”
  • “susceptible non-smokers”
  • “early experimenters”
  • “established smokers”
  • “advanced experimenters”
  • current smoking (past 30 days)
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22
Q

What were the results of results of Wakefield’s study?

A
  • Parents ban on smoking is most successful at preventing smoking uptake that legal and school enforced bans.
  • School smoking bans were associated with 11% reduction with uptake of smoking
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23
Q

What method did Bandura use in his study?

A

Quasi experiment

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24
Q

Describe the sample for Bandura’s study?

A
  • 10 snake phobia patients (9 females and 1 male)
  • Aged 19-57 years
  • Replied to an advert
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25
Q

What was measured in Bandura’s study?

A
  • Level of fear

- Perception of how well they could cope

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26
Q

Describe Bandura’s procedure

A
  • Participants looked at pictures of snakes
  • one arousal levels had fallen
  • participants put into room with snakes and eventually participants could handle them.
  • second fear scores were significantly lower and the coping perception scores were significantly higher
27
Q

What were the results of Bandura’s study?

A

Desentation works

28
Q

Who designed the Health Belief Model

A

Rosenstock in 1966

29
Q

What does the Health Belief Model take into consideration?

A

Individual and situation factors

30
Q

What are the 6 elements that determine the likelihood of a healthy behaviour being developed in the HBM?

A
  • If they perceive a threat to their health if they don’t adopt it.
  • Perceived seriousness
  • Perceived susceptibility
  • If the benefits outweigh the costs.
  • If they are reminded by internal/ external cues.
  • Depending on demographic variables (age, gender etc)
31
Q

What was the procedure for Rotter’s study?

A

6 pieces of research into individual perceptions of ability to control outcomes based on reinforcement

32
Q

What were the results for Rotter’s study?

A
  • Participants who felt they had control over the situation were more likely to show behaviours that would enable them to cope with potential threats. Than participants who though external factors had control.
33
Q

What were the conclusions of Rotter’s study?

A

LOC affects many of our behaviours not just health behaviours

34
Q

What methodologies were used in Becker’s study?

A
  • Self- report
  • Clinical tests ( 70% covert blood tests were used)
  • Correlation
35
Q

Describe the sample used in Becker’s study

A
  • 111 mothers (aged 17-56)

- Children (9 months - 17 years)

36
Q

What were the mothers in Becker’s study questioned on?

A
  • Susceptibility to illness and asthma
  • Beliefs on seriousness of asthma
  • How asthma interferes with child’s education, routine and embarrassment
37
Q

What were the results of Becker’s study?

A
  • POSITIVE CORRELATION- seriousness and compliance.

- NEGATIVE CORRELATION- compliance and disruption to routine. In acceptability and complaining from children

38
Q

What method was used in Keating’s study?

A

Self report

39
Q

Describe the sample used in Keating’s study?

A
  • 3278 participants
  • Aged 15-49
  • Mean age 28
  • 3 Nigerian states
  • 60% married
40
Q

What was included in the questions in Keating’s study?

A
  • Family planning
  • Sexual activity
  • Exposure to media campaigns
  • Whether they had seen certain campaigns through radio/tv/newspapers/health clinics
41
Q

What were the three closed questions used in Keating’s study?

A
  • Have you ever talked with your partner about ways to prevent getting the virus that causes AIDS
  • Can people reduce their chances of getting the AIDS virus by using a condom every time they have sex?
  • Did you use a condom during your last sexual encounter?
42
Q

What were the results of Keating’s study?

A
  • Exposure to media campaigns was high.
  • Those who were exposed to media campaigns were twice as likely to have discusses HIV/AIDS with a partner
    & Twice as likely know that condom use reduces the risk of HIV infection.
  • Exposure to VISION had no effect on condom use during last sexual encounter.
43
Q

What was the conclusion of Keating’s study?

A
  • VISION increased awareness and communication of HIV/AIDS.

- Increased knowledge had no effect on condom use

44
Q

What was the conclusion on Wakefield’s study?

A
  • Findings were consistent with other research showing that parental opposition to smoking in the home reduces the uptake of smoking in teenagers.
  • Public bans only have moderate effect when slightly enforced.
45
Q

What was the aim of Bulpitt’s study?

A

To review research on adherence in hypertensive patients.

46
Q

What method was used in Bulpitt’s study?

A

A review article of research identifying problems with taking medications with significant side effects for hypertension (high bp)

47
Q

What was the procedure of Bulpitt’s study?

A
  • Statistical analysis of physical and psychological effects of medical adherence to medication for hypertension
  • Including work, physical well-being, hobbies, personal life etc
48
Q

What were the results of Bulpitt’s study?

A
  • Anti-hypertension medication can have the effect of; sleepiness, dizziness and lack of sexual functioning in men. Can also affect cognitive functioning.
  • In Curb et al 8% of patients dropped out due to sexual problems.
  • Medical research council 1981 found that as much to 85% dropped out due to side effects
49
Q

What were the conclusions of Bulpitt’s study?

A

When the costs of taking medication (side effects) outweigh the benefits of treating mainly asymptomatic problems such as hypertension, there is less likely to patient will adhere to the treatment.

50
Q

What was the aim of Lustman’s study?

A

To see if there was a link between depression and non-adherence in diabetic patients medication.

51
Q

What method was used in Lustman’s study?

A

A randomised controlled double blind study

52
Q

Describe the sample used in Lustman’s study

A
  • 60 patients with type 1 / 2 diabetics
  • Diagnosed with depression
  • Volunteer sample
53
Q

Explain the procedure used in Lustman’s study

A
  • Participants randomly assigned to group given fluoxetine or placebo group.
  • Patients were assessed for depression using psychometric tests.
  • Patients adherence to medical regime was assessed by masuring blood sugar levels.
54
Q

How long did Lustman’s study last?

A

8 weeks

55
Q

What were the results of Lustman’s study?

A
  • Patients given fluoxetine reported lower levels of depression
  • Patients given fluoxetine had lower levels of GHb which indicated improved adherence.
56
Q

What were the conclusions of Lustman’s study?

A
  • Measuring blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes indicates their level of adherence to prescribed medical regimes.
  • greater adherence was shown by patients who were less depressed.
  • Not being anxious or depressed improves compliance with medical requests.
57
Q

What was the aim of Watt’s study?

A

To see if using a funhaler can improve children’s adherence to medication for asthma

58
Q

What method was used in Watt’s study?

A

Field Quasi Experiment

59
Q

What experimental design was used in Watt’s study?

A

A repeated measure design

60
Q

Describe the sample used in Watt’s study

A
  • 32 Australian children (10 boys and 22 girls)
  • Aged 1.5 - 6 years
  • All children had been diagnosed with asthma and prescribed drugs.
  • Full parental consent was given
61
Q

Describe the procedure used in Watt’s study

A
  • Each child was given the normal inhaler ‘Breath-a-Tech’ to use for a week.
  • Parent’s answered a questionnaire.
  • On the second week children used the ‘Funhaler’.
  • Parents were given a similar questionnaire with similar matched questions.
62
Q

What were the results of Watt’s study?

A

-38% more patients were found to have medicated their children the previous day using the Funhaler compared to existing treatment

63
Q

What were the conclusions of Watt’s study?

A
  • Using reinforcement improves peoples adherance

G543 (2 decks)

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