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biology > healthy heart and lungs > Flashcards

healthy heart and lungs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is blood composed of ?

A

Blood is composed of different types of cells floating in a liquid called PLASMA

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2
Q

What does blood contain ?

A

Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and smaller particles called platelets

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3
Q

What are red blood cells ?

A

Red Blood Cells transport oxygen and contain the pigment haemoglobin.

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4
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

White Blood Cells destroy bacteria and foreign particles eg. viruses

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5
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells ?

A

There are two main types of white blood cells called phagocytes and lymphocytes

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6
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing bacteria

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7
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies which destroy viruses

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8
Q

What are anti bodies ?

A

Antibodies have specific complementary binding sites for only one type of foreign particle eg. virus

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9
Q

What’s a vaccine ?

A

Vaccines allow a dead or altered form of the foreign particle to be introduced into the body so the immune system recognises it on exposure

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10
Q

What are platelets ?

A

Platelets help the blood to clot and reduce bleeding.

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11
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body.

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12
Q

What is the heart made of ?

A

The heart is made of cardiac muscle and pumps continuously

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13
Q

What are the hearts four different chambers?

A

The heart has four different chambers; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle
and left ventricle

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14
Q

What can a pulse be ?

A

Pulse can be a health indicator

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15
Q

The fitter the person…

A

The lower the resting heart rate

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16
Q

Why is a very high pulse rate unhealthy ?

A

A very high pulse rate is unhealthy & can lead to heart disease or stroke

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17
Q

What’s the low tech methods of measuring heart rate

A

A stop watch and fingertips or stethoscope can be used as a low-tech method
of measuring pulse rate

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18
Q

What are the high tech methods of measuring pulse rate

A

A pulsometer or heart rate monitor linked to a computer can be used as a high-
tech method of measuring pulse rate

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19
Q

What do arteries do ?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

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20
Q

What are veins ?

A

Veins return blood back to the heart and contain valves which prevent back flow of blood

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21
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries are small vessels which form a network between arteries and veins

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22
Q

What is oxygenated blood ?

A

Oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen

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23
Q

What is deoxygenated blood rich in ?

A

Deoxygenated blood is rich in carbon dioxide

24
Q

What are the four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart ?

A

The four major blood vessels leading to and from the heart are the aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and vena cava.

25
Q

What does the aorta do ?

A

The aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the
body

26
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

The vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

27
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do ?

A

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

28
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do ?

A

The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

29
Q

Why is the muscular wall on the left hand side thicker than the right ?

A

The muscular wall of the left-hand side of the heart is thicker than the right-
hand side since it has to pump blood all round the body, whereas the right-
hand side only has to pump it as far as the lungs.

30
Q

What does the coronary artery do ?

A

The coronary artery supplies the muscular wall of the heart with oxygenated
blood

31
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

When the heart contracts and pumps blood into arteries under pressure, this
pressure is called blood pressure

32
Q

How can blood pressure be measured?

A

Blood pressure can be measured using either a stethoscope & mercury
manometer or a digital sphygmomanometer

33
Q

When does systolic pressure occur?

A

Systolic pressure occurs when the heart beats & pumps blood into the arteries
giving an average reading of 120 mmHg

34
Q

When does diastolic pressure occur ?

A

Diastolic pressure occurs between beats when the heart relaxes & fills with
blood giving an average reading of 80 mmHg

35
Q

What is the average blood pressure for an adult ?

A

The average blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mmHg

36
Q

What does it indicate when the blood pressure is greater than 160/90mmHg ?

A

high blood pressure

37
Q

How is high blood pressure caused ?

A

High blood pressure is caused by: being overweight; lack of exercise;
incorrect diet (fat, salt); drinking alcohol excessively; stress

38
Q

What can high blood pressure cause ?

A

High blood pressure can cause heart attack and stroke

39
Q

What does low blood pressure cause ?

A

Low blood pressure can cause fainting and heart failure

40
Q

What is the function of the lungs ?

A

Lungs inflate to take air into the body & deflate to remove air from body

41
Q

What is the function of an windpipe ?

A

Windpipe allows air to flow from the mouth or nose towards the lungs

42
Q

What are brochi ?

A

Bronchi are the 2 branches which join the windpipe to the lungs

43
Q

What are bronchioles ?

A

Bronchioles are branches from the bronchi which lead to the air sacs

44
Q

What are air sacs ?

A

Air sacs allow oxygen to pass from the lungs into the blood & carbon dioxide
to pass from the blood to the lungs

45
Q

What is the function of the the ribs ?

A

Ribs shield or protect the lungs from damage

46
Q

What is the arc sac ?

A

Arc sac is thin walled & surrounded by capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

47
Q

What is breathing rate ?

A

Breathing rate is the number of breaths you take in one minute. Breathing rate will alter according to your level of activity

48
Q

Breathing rate is different between individuals depending on their…

A

age, sex,fitness and state of health

49
Q

What does exercise result in ?

A

Exercise results in faster, deeper breathing to get more oxygen to muscles &
get rid of waste carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is recovery time ?

A

Recovery time is the time required after exercise for rate & depth of breathing
to return to normal

51
Q

How can the efficiency of the lungs be measured?

A

The efficiency of the lungs can be measured using tidal volume, vital capacity
and peak flow

52
Q

What is tidal volume ?

A

The tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath. Tidal volume varies depending on body size, age, sex & level of fitness

53
Q

What is vital capacity ?

A

Vital capacity is a measure of the maximum volume of air that a person can
breathe out after having taken in as deep a breath as possible. Vital capacity varies depending on body size, age, sex and fitness

54
Q

What is peak flow ?

A

Peak flow is the maximum rate that you can blow air out of your lungs and is
measured using a peak flow meter

55
Q

What is asthma ?

A

Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the air passages (bronchioles)
become narrower making breathing difficult causing wheezing

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