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PHSC - Nursing - Maternal Child Clinical > Healthy Child: Growth and Development > Flashcards

Healthy Child: Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

1 month developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Head lag (poor head/neck control)

Fine motor
- Grasp reflex — holds hand in fist
- Babinski reflex
- Rooting reflex
- Tonic neck

Language
- Responds to touch and voices
- Sensory motor communication

Social/Cognitive
- Finds safety with caregiver and looks at face

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2
Q

2-3 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Kicks legs — 2 legs kick at 2 months

Fine motor
- Grasp reflex fades
- Hands kept loose

Language
- Response to sounds
- Able to make sounds with mouth

Social/Cognitive
- Smiles and coos when seeing a familiar face

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3
Q

4-5 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Head control by 4 months
- Rolls from front to back by 5 months

Fine motor
- Grabs objects voluntarily (rattle)
- Moro and other reflexes diminish

Language
- Mimics sounds heard
- Able to change cry tone for different needs

Social/Cognitive
- Soothed by caregiver’s voice
- Copies expressions
- cries if ignored/alone

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4
Q

6-9 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Birth weight doubles by 6 months
- Rolls from back to front (6 mos)
- Can sit unsupported (7 mos)
- Pulls self up
- Crawls/creeps

Fine motor
- Holds bottle (6 mos)
- Transfers objects from 1 hand to other

Language
- Babbling words (Mama/Dada)
- Responds to name
- Report if not babbling by 9 mos **

Social/Cognitive
- Identifies face and strangers
- Separation anxiety begins at 6 mos

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5
Q

10-12 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Stands alone
- Prone to sitting (10 mos)

Fine motor
- Pincer grasp (10 mos) — finger foods
- can remove objects from a container (11 mos)

Language
- Able to make a variety of sounds
- Mimics gestures
- Understands “yes” and “no”

Social/Cognitive
- Vocalization and speech (talking toys/books)
- Purposeful play

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6
Q

12 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Birth weight triples
- Sits down from standing
- Walks while holding hand
- Crawls upstairs

Fine motor
- Tries to build 2 block tower (unsuccessful)
- Tries to turn book pages

Language
- 3-5 words
- Nonverbal gestures (waving, nodding)

Social/Cognitive
- Shy; stranger danger
- Can follow short simple directions
- Searches for hidden objects (object permanence)

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7
Q

18 months developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Walks up/down stairs while holding hand
- Throws ball
- Jumps in place with both feet

Fine motor
- Turns 2 pages in a book (uncoordinated)
- Holds cup and spoon
- Builds tower of 4 blocks
- Scribbles with crayon
- NO finger dexterity (no scissors or pencils)

Language
- 10+ words
- Follows commands (“don’t touch”)
- Uses gestures to show what they want (point)

Social/Cognitive
- Angry baby — Temper and ownership (“mine”)
- Parallel play — children play next to each other (no direct interaction with others)

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8
Q

2 years developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Walks without help
- Run and kick ball
- Walks up and down stairs independently 1 step at a time

Fine motor
- Builds a tower of 7 blocks
- Draws vertical lines
- Able to turn1 page at a time
- Opens doors by turning knobs

Language
- Says own name
- 300+ words
- 2-3 word sentences
- Identifies pictures with names

Social/Cognitive
- Imitates adult behavior — T-toilet train — T-toddlers by age — T- two years old
- Gains independence

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9
Q

3 years developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Tricycle and jumps forward
- Learning balance
- Walks up stairs with alternating feet
- Stand on one foot

Fine motor
- Draws circles
- Spoon feeds self
- Undresses self
- Holds crayons with fingers instead of fists
- Scissors (yes)
- Zips up a zipper

Language
- 3-4 word sentences
- Asks “why” a lot
- Knows age
- Follows more complex instructions

Social/Cognitive
- Associative play — unorganized play without a goal or rules
- Imaginary friends and symbolic play

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10
Q

4 years developmental milestones

A

Gross motor
- Skips, hops on 1 foot
- Catches a ball 50% of the time
- Climbs and jumps

Fine motor
- Draws 4 sided shapes
- Can pour drinks and make food

Language
- Able to tell stories
- Can memorize alphabet and numbers

Social/Cognitive
- Imaginary play— dress up
- Plays with other children rather than alone

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11
Q

0-18 months (infant) psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

Attributes
- Trust vs mistrust
- Virtue: hope & optimism

Need/Focus
- Safety with mother/caregiver (feeding — trust; mistrust when ignored)

Good outcome
- Trust and faith in environment and with caregivers

Bad outcome
- Fear and suspicion with people and environmen

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12
Q

18 mos - 3 yrs (Toddlers & Early childhood) psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

Attributes
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
- Virtue: will use freedoms and self-restraint

Need/Focus
- Independent from parents

Good outcome
- Independence and control over behavior and skills = autonomy

Bad outcome
- Failure to achieve autonomy leads to shame and doubt

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13
Q

3-6 yrs (preschool) psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

Attributes
- Initiative vs guilt
- Virtue: purpose, ability to start activities and goals

Need/Focus
- Powerful within family and exploring

Good outcome
- Initiative + assertive = sense of purpose

Bad outcome
- Asserting too much power = disapproval and guilt

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14
Q

6-12 yrs (school-age) psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

Attributes
- Industry vs inferiority
- Virtue: competence in intellectual, social and physical skills

Need/Focus
- Good with neighbors, classmates, and friends

Good outcome
- Feeling competent with social and academic demands

Bad outcome
- Failure in social and academia = feeling inferior

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15
Q

12-18 yrs (adolescence) psychosocial development (Erikson)

A

Attributes
- Identity vs role confusion
- Virtue: fidelity, fitting into the world as own person

Need/focus
- Socializing and fit into peer groups

Good outcome
- Sense of self and personal identity — Staying true to yourself

Bad outcome
- confused with self identity = lonely and isolated

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16
Q

0-2 yrs (infant & toddler) cognitive development (Piaget)

A

Stage
- Sensorimotor — thinks in the present moment through the senses
- Object permanence* — objects are still there even if you can’t see it

Teaching
- Teach in the present moment

Example
- Catheter insertion for an 18 month child? — Teach them what you are doing as you are doing it

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17
Q

3-6 yrs (preschool) cognitive development (Piaget)

A

Stage
- Preoperational thinking — Imaginative, symbolic thought, magical thinking*
- Do not understand cause and effect
- Understands future and past

Teaching
- Teach shortly before
- Teach: the day of, the morning of, a few hours before, etc.

Example
- Catheter insertion for a 4 year old? — Teach the child what you are going to do

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18
Q

7-11 yrs (skill learning) cognitive development (Piaget)

A

Stage
- Concrete operational — logical thought, follows rules, rigid thinking
- Only 1 way to do something
- Limited abstract thoughts

Teaching
- Teach days before
- Include skills
- Demonstration and reading
- Teach them: tomorrow we will, you will do this everyday…

Example
- Which child can the nurse teach bandage placement skills? — 7 years old and up

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19
Q

12-15 yrs (adolescents/adults learning) cognitive development (Piaget)

A

Stage
- Formal operational — developing abstract thought, cause and effect thinking (love, hate, morality)

Teaching
- Teach like an adult!
- 12+ yrs old can manage their own care
- Teach: Report these finding…, if you see this then follow up…

Example
- Which child can manage their own care? — A 13 yr old with type I DM
- Tip — Risk taking behavior = non-compliance

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20
Q

Nurse’s role for safety promotion and injury prevention

A

Nurse’s role is to educate and provide anticipatory guidance

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21
Q

Which age group(s) of children should be put in a REAR facing car seat?

A

Birth to 2-4 years

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22
Q

Which age group(s) of children should be put in a FRONT facing car seat?

A

2-5 years old

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23
Q

Which age group(s) of children should be put in a BOOSTER seat?

A

5 until the seat belt fits property (about 9-12 years old)

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24
Q

Car seat tips (7)

A
  • Rear and front facing seats need to use a 5 point harness
  • Straps should be below the shoulders for rear-facing
  • Chest clip needs to be at nipple or armpit level — never on abdomen
  • LATCH system should be used (if available), not seatbelts
  • Children under 12 should ride in the back seat
  • Center seat is safest from impact
  • Rear facing car seat should never go in front of an airbag
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25
Q

Tips for drowning prevention (8)

A
  • Fence off swimming pools
  • Ensure kids wear life jackets in and around bodies of water
  • Learn how to swim
  • Supervise children in and around water — including tubs
  • Close toilet lids; don’t leave children unattended in the bathroom
  • Empty all containers with liquids (buckets)
  • If a near-drowning incident occurs, always bring the child to the hospital for evaluation— fatalities can occur hours later
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26
Q

Tips for burn prevention (6)

A
  • Smoke alarms — at least one per level of the home, outside bedrooms — test monthly/replace batteries every 6 months
  • When cooking, use furthest burner, turn pot handles to the back of the stove, and never leave stove unattended
  • Water heater temperature should be set to at or below 120 F — Test water before placing child
  • Avoid heating food in microwave – superheated hot pockets can scald
  • Use safety caps to block unused electrical outlets
  • Fire resistant fabrics for pajama
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27
Q

Tips for poisoning prevention and treatment (6)

A
  • Lock up medications, cleaning products, and chemicals
  • Have poison control number available
  • Advise parents NOT to use ipecac syrup to induce vomiting
  • Activated charcoal (acetylcysteine) — used for acetaminophen overdose
  • Chelation therapy — used for iron or lead overdose
  • Gastric lavage
28
Q

Choking prevention tips

A
  • Supervise children at mealtimes
  • Avoid choking hazards — round foods (hot dogs, nuts/seeds, chunks of meat/cheese/peanut butter/raw vegetables, whole grapes, hard/sticky candy, popcorn, gum)
29
Q

Choking s/s

A
  • Wheezing
  • Strider
  • Coughing
  • Dyspnea
  • Clutching neck with hands (universal sign)
  • Inability to speak
  • Cyanosis
30
Q

Universal sign of choking?

A

Clutching neck with hands

31
Q

Choking interventions?

A
  • Use back blows and chest thrusts for children under 1 yr
  • Use abdominal thrusts for children over 1 year old
  • Do NOT perform blind finger sweep — this can lodge the object further in the airway
  • If the child becomes unconscious, begin CPR
32
Q

Pain scale used for (0-6 mos)

A

CRIES scale (0-10)

  • Crying
  • Requires O2
  • Increased VS
  • Expression
  • Sleeplessness
33
Q

Pain scale for 2 mos — 7yrs

A

FLACC Scale (0-10)

  • Face
  • Legs
  • Activity
  • Cry
  • Consolability
34
Q

Pain scale for 3 and up

A
  • Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale
35
Q

Pain scale for 8 and up

A

Numeric (0–10)

36
Q

VS order for children?

A

Count respirations before touching the child — then apical HR — then BP — Temperature last

37
Q

How long do we listen for HR and RR for infants and toddlers?

A

1 minute (to screen for irregularities)

38
Q

VS ranges for 0-1 yr (infant)

A
  • HR — 110-160 bpm
  • RR — 30-60 breaths/min
  • BP — 70-105/35-55
  • Temp — Axillary - 97.8-99.5F (36.5-99.5C) — Ear - 96.4-100.4 F (36.7-38C)
  • O2 > 95%
39
Q

VS ranges for 1-3yrs (toddler)

A
  • HR — 80-110 bpm
  • RR — 24-40 breaths/min
  • BP — 85-105/40-65
  • Temp — Axillary - 97.8-99.5F (36.5-99.5C) — Ear - 96.4-100.4 F (36.7-38C)
  • O2 > 95%
40
Q

VS ranges for 3-6yrs (preschool)

A
  • HR — 70-110 bpm
  • RR — 22-34 breaths/min
  • BP — 90-110/45-70
  • Temp — Axillary - 97.8-99.5F (36.5-99.5C) — Ear - 96.4-100.4 F (36.7-38C)
  • O2 > 95%
41
Q

VS ranges for 6-12 yrs (school-age)

A
  • HR — 65-105 bpm
  • RR — 18-30 breaths/min
  • BP — 97-120/55-70
  • Temp — Axillary - 97.8-99.5F (36.5-99.5C) — Ear - 96.4-100.4 F (36.7-38C)
  • O2 > 95%
42
Q

VS ranges for 12-18 yrs (adolescent)

A
  • HR — 60-100 bpm
  • RR — 12-18 breaths/min
  • BP — 110-130/65-80
  • Temp — Axillary - 97.8-99.5F (36.5-99.5C) — Ear - 96.4-100.4 F (36.7-38C)
  • O2 > 95%
43
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful periods/ period pain

44
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Amenorrhea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age

45
Q

Variococele

A

Swelling of the spermatic cord

46
Q

Epididymitis

A
  • Inflammation of the epididymis — can lead to unilateral pain and swelling
  • Affects young, sexually active clients assigned male at birth, under 35
47
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Testicle rotated around spermatic cord
- Blocks blood flow to testicle
- Can lead to necrosis

48
Q

Symptoms of testicular torsion

A
  • Sudden severe pain in scrotum and lower abdomen on affected side
  • Swelling and redness
49
Q

Causes of testicular torsion

A

Most common to least common
- Tesicle not strongly attached to scrotum at birth
- Minor trauma around scrotum
- Vigorous physical activity OR during sleep

50
Q

Treatment for testicular torsion

A

Immediate surgical detorsion (ideally within 6 hours of symptom onset)

51
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Enlarged breasts in males

52
Q

A four year old child should be speaking how many word sentences?

A

4 to 5 word sentences

53
Q

Immunizations for 2 week to 1 month old infant

A
  • Hepatitis B #1 at birth
  • Hepatitis B #2 at 1-2 mos
54
Q

2 month old infant vaccinations

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP) #1
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) # 1
  • Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) #1
  • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) #1
  • Rotavirus (RV) #1
  • Combo vaccines are available for DTap and IPV with either Hep B or Hib
55
Q

4 month old infant vaccinations

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP) #2
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) #2
  • Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) #2
  • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) #2
  • Rotavirus (RV) #2
  • Combo vaccines are available for DTap and IPV with either Hep B or Hib
56
Q

6 month old infant vaccinations

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP) #3 (can do combo)
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) # 3 (can be 6-18 mos)
  • Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) #3
  • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) #3
  • Rotavirus for RotaTeq (RV5) #3
  • Hepatitis B (Hep B) #3 (can be 6-18 mos)
  • Influenza at 6 months and annually thereafter
57
Q

9 month old infant vaccinations

A
  • Hepatitis B (Hep B) #3 (can be 6-18 mos), omit if combo vaccine has been used previously
  • influenza annually
  • Provide info about upcoming MMR, Varicella, and Hepatitis A vaccines
58
Q

1 year old vaccinations

A
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) may be given at 12 to 15 months of age. (This is dose #3 or #4)
  • Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) #1 — 12 -15 months.
  • Varicella (VAR) #1 is given at 12 to 15 months.
  • Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13) #4 — 12-15 months
  • Hepatitis B (Hep B) #3 (if not given earlier)( Hep B may be given any time between 6 months and 15 months)
  • Diptheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis (DTaP) #4 — 15 to 18 months. (DTaP may be given as early as 12 months if at least 6 months have elapsed since the third dose)
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) #3 (if not given earlier). IVP #3 may be given any time between 6 and 18 months.
  • Influenza vaccine is given annually.
  • Hepatitis A (Hep A) #1 can be given any time after 12 months. Hep A #2 can be given at least 6 months after the first dose, but should be given by 23 months.
59
Q

2 year old vaccinations

A
  • Administer any immunizations not given previously according to the recommended catch up schedule
  • Influenza vaccine is given annually
60
Q

3 year old vaccinations

A
  • Administer any immunizations not given previously according to the recommended catch up schedule
  • Influenza vaccine is given annually
61
Q

4-6 year old vaccinations

A
  • Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) #5 (no #5 if #4 was given at or over 4 yrs old)
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) # 4 at least 6 months after last dose — this is final dose in series
  • MMR #2 unless previously given
  • Varicella (VAR) #2 unless previously given — if if given before 4, it is valid as long as 4 weeks after prior dose
  • Influenza annually
62
Q

7-10 year old vaccinations

A
  • MMR #2
  • VAR #2
  • Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) #4
  • Tetanus, diphtheria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap) used instead of DTaP for catch ups in this age group
  • Influenza annually
  • Other immunizations not up to date
63
Q

11-12 year old vaccinations

A
  • Review immunization record. Administer and catch ups
  • Meningococcal conjugate vaccine #1 (then booster at 16 yrs)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) #1, #2, #3. (First dose at 11 yrs, second dose 1-2 mos later, third dose after 16 more weeks)
  • Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids ad acellular pertussis (Tdap) is given in one dose to all adolescents in this age range
  • Influenza anually
64
Q

Adolescent Tdap administration

A
  • Administer a single dose at 11-12 years
65
Q

Adolescent Meningococcal administration

A
  • Administer a single dose of at 11-12 years and a booster at 16 years
66
Q

Adolescent HPV administration

A
  • 3 series dose to adolescents aged 11-12
  • give 1st dose, then second 1-2 months after, then third after another 16 weeks

PHSC - Nursing - Maternal Child Clinical (5 decks)

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