Healthcare Systems

Question 1

Cause-and-effect diagram (i.e., Ishikawa or fishbone diagram)

Answer 1

Graphically displays relationships of many causes contributing to
an outcome

Question 2

Driver diagram

Answer 2

Visual display of what primary and secondary items contribute to
achievement of an aim

Question 3

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
(FMEA)

Answer 3

Predicts where, how, and to what extent a system failure could occur so that improvements can be devised to prevent the failure

Question 4

Flowchart

Answer 4

Visual map of the steps in a process

Question 5

Histogram

Answer 5

Displays continuous data over time to reveal variation

Question 6

Pareto chart (80/20 rule)

Answer 6

Bar chart of contributing factors arranged from largest to smallest

Question 7

Plan-do-study-act cycle

Answer 7

Documents testing a change

Question 8

Project planning

Answer 8

Systematically plans the changes to be tested

Question 9

Run chart (control chart)

Answer 9

Graphs data over time (run chart) and, with the addition of upper and lower control limits (control chart), helps distinguish causes of variation

Question 10

Scatter diagram

Answer 10

Helps identify cause-and-effect relationships between two variables

Question 11

Adverse drug reaction (ADR)

Answer 11

Any response to a drug at doses normally used in humans

Question 12

Adverse drug event (ADE)

Answer 12

An injury resulting from a medical intervention related to a drug

Question 13

Medication error

Answer 13

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer

Question 14

Public health

Answer 14

the science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting wellness in a population through organized efforts by local, state, and national governments that are accountable to the community

Question 15

Population health

Answer 15

also focused on the health of a population rather than each individual person.

Includes social and economic factors that contribute to a population’s health

Efforts may be government-run but are also run by hospitals or volunteer organizations.

Question 16

Population health management

Answer 16

refers to the steps taken by healthcare organizations to improve the health outcomes of a defined group of individuals.

Includes:
disease surveillance
disease prevention: immunizations and health screenings
preventive medicine
emergency preparedness

Question 17

Disease Surveillance

Answer 17

Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practice. Timely dissemination of the data, analysis, and interpretation is needed to prompt action by public health professionals, government leaders, and the
public.
`
Ex: Covid-19

Question 18

Disease Prevention: Immunizations

Answer 18

Immunizations recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to the CDC

Immunization schedules published by the CDC annually after review

APhA maintains vital information for pharmacists providing vaccinations on its immunization center website

Question 19

Disease Prevention: Health Screenings

Answer 19

recommended by the USPSTF

Question 20

Preventive Medicine

Answer 20

May be targeted for one patient at a time or focus on populations at any level

are categorized as primary, secondary, or tertiary

Question 21

Primary Preventive Medicine

Answer 21

General population or a specific at-risk population before the
disease develops

Reduce exposure to risk factors and increase resistance to disease,
thereby decreasing the number of cases

Ex: Immunizations and Awareness campains

Question 22

Secondary Preventive Medicine

Answer 22

Individuals exposed to or with early disease before morbidity occurs

Provide postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment

Ex: Antiviral agents for NH residents during a flu outbreak

Question 23

Tertiary Preventive Medicine

Answer 23

Patients with disease causing morbidity

Reduce morbidity/mortality and return individual to better state of
health

Ex: Antivirals given to a patient with the flu to prevent pneumonia, hospitalization, or death