healthcare ethics Flashcards
he believed that both good and evil line in a sensations. pleasure being good and evil being bad
epicurus
he taught pleasure can be gained by living a life of moderation , courage and justice by cultivating friendship
epicurus
father of modern utilitarianism
jeremy bentham
action is right if they increase happiness and diminish misery. it is wrong when they have opposite effect
bentham’s theory
six criteria to measure pleasure
intensity
duration
certainty
propinquity
fecundity
purity
he developed the theory from a version put forward by his mentor
john stuart mill
for him, object of virtue is the multiplication of happiness
john stuart mill
he believed utilitarianism yo be in the spirit of golden rule
john stuart mill
each act is considered on the basis of its net benefit
act utilitarianism
it suggests that people choose actions that will in any given circumstance, increase the overall good
act utilitarianism
decision makers developed rules that will have the greatest net benefit
rule utilitarianism
it suggests that people choose rules that when followed consistently will maximize the overall good
rule utilitarianism
widely used in healthcare system
utilitarianism
sometimes called characteristics
virtue ethics
represents that individual’s actions are based upon a certain degree of innate moral virtue
virtual etics
8 cardinal virtues
wisdom
courage
temperance
justice
generosity
faith
hope
charity
a character trait that is morally valued such as truthfulness, kindness, or honesty
moral virtue
he considered goodness of character to be produced by the practice of virtuous behavior rather than virtuous acts being the end result of a good characters
aristotle
virtue according to _____ is equal to excellence of character and depends on motivation, deliberation, clear judgement, self - control and practice.
aristotle
aristotle’s traits of a virtuous character provided three criteria
- virtuous act must be chosen for their owns a key
- the choice must proceed from a firm and unchangeable character
- virtue is a disposition to choose the mean
she adds another perspective to aristotle’s concept of virtuous person
philippa ruth foot
she defines will as “that which is wished for as well as what is sought
philippa ruth foot
they suggest that although people have different character traits, all have teh capacity to learn or cultivate those that are important morality
beauchamp &childress
4 focal virtues
compassion
discernment
trustworthiness
integrity
the ability to imagine oneself in the situation of another. it embodies the golden rule
compassion
it rest on sensitive insight involving acute judgment and understanding and it results in decisive actions
discernment
trust is a confident belief in the moral character of another person
trustworthiness
perhaps the cardinal virtue. it means soundness, reliability, wholeness, and integration of moral character
integrity
it is the chaos of thought , beliefs, assumptions, values, superstition
philosphy
it is the intense & critical examination of beliefs &7 assumption
philosophy
is the philosophical discussion of what is considered good or bad, right or wrong in terms of moral issues
moral philosophy
is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on society’s norms and practices.
ethics
generally appear when occupations organize themselves into professions, govern professional behavior.
professional codes of ethics
provides guidance to nurses in their relationships with patients, colleagues, the profession and the society
nursing code of ethics
derived from either of two schools of thought
ethical theories
2 school of thoughts
naturalism
rationalism
a view of moral judgment that regards ethics as dependent upon human nature and psychology.
naturalism
rationalist believe that there are absolute truths that are not dependent upon human nature. they argue that ethical values have an independent origin in the nature of the universe and can only be know to humans through the process process of reasoning
rationalism
derived from the greek word deon which means duty
deontology
it is concerned with behaving ethically by meeting our duties
deontology
it originates from kant
deontology
it is base from the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act rather than its consequences.
deontology
it is called formalism occasionally
deontology
born at konigsberg russia in 1724
immanuel kant
he asserted that moral rules are absolute & apply to all people for al times in all situation
immanuel kant
refers to moral rules that do not admit exceptions imperative denotes a command that is derived from principle
categorical
act only according to that maxim y which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law
categorical imperative
act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always as an end and never as a means only
practical imperative
from a greek word telos which means ends
teleology
it evaluates the morality of actions in terms of progress toward goal or end
teleology
it is also called consequentialism
teleology
its goal is the greatest good for the greatest number
teleology
it defines morality interms of maximization of net quality
utilitarianism
a moral theory that holds that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequence, outcome or end result that is derived from it
utilitarianism
