Health Science 1

Question 1

pH of blood

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

Colloids

Answer 2

particles that are too big to dissolve

Question 3

Hypo/hypernatremia

Answer 3

Sodium content in blood

Question 4

Hypo/hypercalcemia

Answer 4

Calcium content in blood

Question 5

Hypo/hyperkaltremia

Answer 5

Potassium content in blood

Question 6

ADH

Answer 6

anti-diuretic hormone, released by pituitary gland, reduces urine production to retain fluids

Question 7

Micturition

Answer 7

Bladder emptying

Question 8

Types of bacteria and what they look like

Answer 8

Bacilli, Cocci

Question 9

Process and purpose of forming endospores

Answer 9

• dna is replicated
• spore septum separates copies
• series of layers form around new dna
• endospore released from cell, cell dies

Question 10

Gram +

Answer 10

Thick cell wall, stains purple

Question 11

Gram -

Answer 11

Thin cell wall, stains pink

Question 12

Staph

Answer 12

Clusters of bacteria

Question 13

Strep

Answer 13

Chains of bacteria

Question 14

bacteria reproduction

Answer 14

binary fission

Question 15

how viruses replicate

Answer 15

1. virion attaches to host cell
2. cell penetrated and dna/rna of virus is uncoated
3. protein synthesis occurs and protein coats and gentic material is made
4. new viruses are assembled in the cell
5. viruses released, host cell dies

Question 16

Protozoa

Answer 16

• Unicellular, may be parasitic

- Classified by the way they move

Question 17

Helminths

Answer 17

Worms, common cause of infection

Question 18

Ectoparasites

Answer 18

Outside of the body e.g. mites, lice

Question 19

Sterile areas of body

Answer 19

Blood, foetus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, cavities in serous membranes

Question 20

Endogenous infection

Answer 20

source of infection is the human host e.g. normal flora, e. coli from colon causing UTI

Question 21

Exogenous infection

Answer 21

caused by organisms in the environment e.g. giardia infection from contaminated water

Question 22

Localised infection

Answer 22

pathogens are confined to original site

Question 23

Disseminated infection

Answer 23

pathogens spread to other parts of the body

Question 24

Systemic infection

Answer 24

pathogens spread through the blood, multiple organs are affected e.g. infection caused by a graze may result in cellulitis (tissue infection) and spreads to the lymph system, then this joins the circulatory system
As systemic infection spreads and affects other organ systems it is now a disseminated infection

Question 25

Mixed infection

Answer 25

some organisms provide a favourable environment for another organism e.g. vaginal thrush causes by the destruction of bacterial normal flora and fungi takes over, broad spectrum antibiotics can cause this

Question 26

Superinfection

Answer 26

caused by destruction of normal flora

Question 27

Subclinical infection

Answer 27

host shows no symptoms but antibodies are present (like a vaccine)

Question 28

Persistent infection

Answer 28

persist in the body for a long time after the symptoms have disappeared e.g. chronic infections

Question 29

Opportunistic infections

Answer 29

caused by an organism that does not usually cause infection e.g. candida causing thrush

Question 30

Disease process

Answer 30

``` Incubation period Prodromal period Acute (invasive) phase Decline phase Convalescence phase ```

Question 31

Pathogenicity

Answer 31

the capacity of an organism to cause disease which depends on - Ability to gain entry to host - Ability to attach to host tissues and multiple - Ability to evade host defences Ability to damage tissues and produce disease systems

Question 32

Virulence

Answer 32

intensity of symptoms, factors include presence of capsule, enzymes and toxins

Question 33

Infective dose

Answer 33

number of organisms determine whether disease occurs

Question 34

Notifiable diseases

Answer 34

about 50 in NZ, reported to MoH, e.g. AIDs, TB

Question 35

Infectious vs. contaigous

Answer 35

- Infectious diseases: more easily spread e.g. rheumatic fever, TB - Contagious diseases: very infectious diseases, easily spread

Question 36

Communicable vs. non-communicable

Answer 36

- Communicable diseases: diseases spread from one host to the other e.g. STIs - Non-communicable disease: not spread from person to person, e.g. asthma, hay fever, cancer