Health Science 1 Flashcards
pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Colloids
particles that are too big to dissolve
Hypo/hypernatremia
Sodium content in blood
Hypo/hypercalcemia
Calcium content in blood
Hypo/hyperkaltremia
Potassium content in blood
ADH
anti-diuretic hormone, released by pituitary gland, reduces urine production to retain fluids
Micturition
Bladder emptying
Types of bacteria and what they look like
Bacilli, Cocci
Process and purpose of forming endospores
- dna is replicated
- spore septum separates copies
- series of layers form around new dna
- endospore released from cell, cell dies
Gram +
Thick cell wall, stains purple
Gram -
Thin cell wall, stains pink
Staph
Clusters of bacteria
Strep
Chains of bacteria
bacteria reproduction
binary fission
how viruses replicate
- virion attaches to host cell
- cell penetrated and dna/rna of virus is uncoated
- protein synthesis occurs and protein coats and gentic material is made
- new viruses are assembled in the cell
- viruses released, host cell dies
Protozoa
- Unicellular, may be parasitic
- Classified by the way they move
Helminths
Worms, common cause of infection
Ectoparasites
Outside of the body e.g. mites, lice
Sterile areas of body
Blood, foetus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, cavities in serous membranes
Endogenous infection
source of infection is the human host e.g. normal flora, e. coli from colon causing UTI
Exogenous infection
caused by organisms in the environment e.g. giardia infection from contaminated water
Localised infection
pathogens are confined to original site
Disseminated infection
pathogens spread to other parts of the body
Systemic infection
pathogens spread through the blood, multiple organs are affected e.g. infection caused by a graze may result in cellulitis (tissue infection) and spreads to the lymph system, then this joins the circulatory system
As systemic infection spreads and affects other organ systems it is now a disseminated infection
Mixed infection
some organisms provide a favourable environment for another organism e.g. vaginal thrush causes by the destruction of bacterial normal flora and fungi takes over, broad spectrum antibiotics can cause this
Superinfection
caused by destruction of normal flora
Subclinical infection
host shows no symptoms but antibodies are present (like a vaccine)
Persistent infection
persist in the body for a long time after the symptoms have disappeared e.g. chronic infections
Opportunistic infections
caused by an organism that does not usually cause infection e.g. candida causing thrush
Disease process
Incubation period Prodromal period Acute (invasive) phase Decline phase Convalescence phase
Pathogenicity
the capacity of an organism to cause disease which depends on
- Ability to gain entry to host
- Ability to attach to host tissues and multiple
- Ability to evade host defences
Ability to damage tissues and produce disease systems
Virulence
intensity of symptoms, factors include presence of capsule, enzymes and toxins
Infective dose
number of organisms determine whether disease occurs
Notifiable diseases
about 50 in NZ, reported to MoH, e.g. AIDs, TB
Infectious vs. contaigous
- Infectious diseases: more easily spread e.g. rheumatic fever, TB
- Contagious diseases: very infectious diseases, easily spread
Communicable vs. non-communicable
- Communicable diseases: diseases spread from one host to the other e.g. STIs
- Non-communicable disease: not spread from person to person, e.g. asthma, hay fever, cancer
