health psychology

Question 1

Who defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing?

Answer 1

World Health Organisation (WHO)

Question 2

What does the biomedical definition of health suggest?

Answer 2

there is a physical/biological cause of the illness, disease etc.
symptoms are physical

Question 3

what does the biopsychosocial definition suggest?

Answer 3

this also focuses on factors like genes, stress and family life that could cause illness.
holistic approach

Question 4

what is meant by ‘health as a continuum’ ?

Answer 4

health varies between 2 extremes and a whole spectrum in between

Question 5

What is stress?

Answer 5

an emotional response to a threatening situation

Question 6

what is a stressor?

Answer 6

a threat, and causes stress

• physical stressors
• psychological stressors

Question 7

what are physical responses to stress?

Answer 7

increased heart rate

loss of appetite

Question 8

what are the physical responses controlled by?

Answer 8

the nervous system

Question 9

what system controlled stress and relaxation

Answer 9

autonomic nervous system

Question 10

what part of the autonomic nervous system controls relaxation?

Answer 10

parasympathetic

Question 11

what part of the autonomic nervous system controlled stress

Answer 11

sympathetic

Question 12

what hormone does the HPA pathway release?

Answer 12

cortisol

Question 13

what does cortisol do?

Answer 13

• increases heart rate
• hyperventilation
• reduced appetite
• increased memory formulation

Question 14

what is addiction?

Answer 14

complex mental health disorder

Question 15

what are physiological addictions?

Answer 15

• cocaine
• heroine
• tobacco
• caffeine
• alcohol

Question 16

what is behavioural addiction?

Answer 16

• gambling
• gaming
• shopping

Question 17

what are signs of physiological addiction?

Answer 17

• withdrawal symptoms

- tolerance change

Question 18

who stated that there were 6 components of addiction and in what year?

Answer 18

Griffiths, 2005

Question 19

what are Griffiths (2005) 6 components of addiction?

Answer 19

Salience               Starting 
Tolerance            To
Withdrawal          Win 
Relapse                Real
Conflict                Coinage 
Mood alteration  Mate

Question 20

who developed the HBM?

Answer 20

Rosenstock (1966)

Question 21

what does the HBM try to explain?

Answer 21

why people do or do not engage in healthy behaviour

Question 22

what are the 3 questions in context of the HBM?

Answer 22

perceived seriousness
perceived susceptibility
cost-benefit analysis

Question 23

what are the strengths of the HBM?

Answer 23

✅
practical 
williamson and Wardle (2002) 
HBM with bowel and colon cancer
increases validity 

✅
developed by health professionals
based on real life experiences
credible explanation

Question 24

what are the weaknesses of the HBM?

Answer 24

❌
not every health researcher likes the model
Zimmerman and Vernberg (1994) says adding self efficacy and demographics changes the model

❌
rational decisions in health behaviour
incomplete model

Question 25

who studied mothers compliance to asthma treatment?

Answer 25

Becker et al (1978)

Question 26

how many mothers did he test the theory on?

Answer 26

111

Question 27

what 2 demographics were more inclined to obey treatment?

Answer 27

higher income | married mothers

Question 28

what was a strength in Becker’s theory?

Answer 28

✅ 2 methods of data collected self report from mothers and a blood sample

Question 29

what was a weakness in Becker’s theory?

Answer 29

❌interview conducted in life threatening conditions | components exaggerated by stress

Question 30

who looked at studies on the HBM?

Answer 30

Carpenter (2010)

Question 31

what did Carpenter (2010) study suggest the best way to predict behaviour change would be?

Answer 31

cost benefit analysis

Question 32

what was a strength of Carpenter’s study?

Answer 32

✅ | valuable suggestions

Question 33

What was weakness of Carpenters study?

Answer 33

❌ self efficacy wasn’t assessed he used outdated research

Question 34

Who proposed the concept of locus of control?

Answer 34

Rotter (1966)

Question 35

What is an internal locus of control?

Answer 35

people think they control what happens to them

Question 36

what is an external locus of control?

Answer 36

people believe things happen to them because of factors out of their control

Question 37

what are the strengths of loc?

Answer 37

✅ link between loc and conformity Autgis (1998) highly external loc are more persuadable ✅ link between high internal loc and health

Question 38

what were the weaknesses of loc?

Answer 38

❌ link to stress isn’t that simple internal loc doesn’t prevent stress

Question 39

who proposed the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 39

Ajzen (1991)

Question 40

what did the theory of planned behaviour explain?

Answer 40

how people can exercise control over their behaviour

Question 41

how can intention to change be seen?

Answer 41

- personal attitudes - subjective norms - perceived behavioural control

Question 42

who tested the tpb as an explanation of health-decision making and relationship with stress?

Answer 42

louis et al (2009)

Question 43

what is self efficacy?

Answer 43

self belief | the ability to produce a desired or intended result

Question 44

who suggested that self efficacy is essential to our motivation to change behaviour?

Answer 44

Bandura (1977)

Question 45

what are the 4 main sources of awareness?

Answer 45

1. mastery experiences 2. vicarious reinforcement 3. social persuasion 4. emotional states

Question 46

who focused on the importance of life events?

Answer 46

Holmes and Rahe (1967)

Question 47

What scale did Holmes and Rahe develop?

Answer 47

social readjustment rating scale

Question 48

who looked at the impact of daily hassles?

Answer 48

lazarus et al (1980)

Question 49

who developed the hassles scale?

Answer 49

kanner et al (1981)

Question 50

how many daily hassles were out into 7 categories

Answer 50

117

Question 51

what are 2 common stressors in a work environment

Answer 51

temperature | noise

Question 52

why does level of control cause stress in a workplace?

Answer 52

employees left responsible without control

Question 53

what is an intra-role conflict?

Answer 53

employees have competing demands. tasks feel incomplete me or need to be completed together

Question 54

what is inter-role conflict?

Answer 54

employee has multiple competing demands. could find work conflicts with studies