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Health Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the biopsychosocial model?

A

Contribution of biological, psychological and social factors to an individual’s health status, e.g. Physiology/genetics, behaviours/emotion, employment/social networking

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2
Q

What is meant by stereotyping?

A

A generalisation made about a specific social group and members of those groups

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of organising semantic knowledge into schemata?

A

Advantages- energy saving, usually useful for new situations etc.
Disadvantages- danger of overlooking individuality

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4
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

Prejudice is evaluative and forms attitudes, if these prejudices are acted upon the difference in behaviour is known as discrimination

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5
Q

Give some examples of ageist stereotypes:

A

Intellectual deterioration
Inability to adapt to change, “set in ways”
Personal stagnation etc.

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6
Q

What actual changes in intellect take place as you get older?

A

Gradual linear IQ decline throughout adult life that accelerates +60. Decline is at different rates in different skills/areas in different people
E.g. Some people get dementia which is disabling, some may get mild cognitive impairment which is not

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7
Q

Explain the two models that describe personality changes in old age:

A

Developmental model- ‘life stages’ and associated conflicts e.g. In old age is ‘integrity vs despair’
Trait model- describes personality in terms of constituent traits

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8
Q

Give examples of events that occur within the social context of getting older:

A 
Family role adjustment
Changing family contact
Retirement
Death and bereavement
Acknowledgement of own mortality
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9
Q

What is meant by classical conditioning?

A

Association of a behaviour with an unrelated stimuli, learning through association
E.g. Disulfiram

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

People act on the environment and behaviour is shaped by the consequences e.g. Reward and punishment

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of conditioning learning theories?

A

Do not take into account cognitive processes, knowledge, attitudes or beliefs

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12
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

People learn vicariously through others with behaviour focussed on desired goals/outcomes. There is motivation to perform valued behaviours and model behaviours on those of higher status ‘role models’.

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13
Q

Explain cognitive dissonance theory:

A

Discomfort experienced when holding inconsistent beliefs or when events don’t match preconceived beliefs. Dissonance is reduced by either changing beliefs or behaviours

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14
Q

Explain the Health Belief Model:

A

Patient takes into account beliefs about the threat to their health (susceptibility and security) and their beliefs about the health related behaviour (benefits to performing, barriers to performing) to dictate their behaviour

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15
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Attitude, the subjective norm and self-efficacy/perceived control are taken into account to produce an intention but not a behaviour.
Can be a good predictor of intention but not behaviour!

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16
Q

What are the stages of the stages of change model?

A 
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance/relapse
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17
Q

List the progression of drinking habits:

A 
Abstentation
Low risk
Hazardous
Harmful
Moderate dependence
Severe dependence- experience of withdrawal
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18
Q

How would you manage a patient with substance misuse?

A

Assisted detox and substitute prescribing e.g. Diazepam
Supportive treatments e.g. Vitamin supplements
Relapse prevention
Alcohol screening AUDIT (alcohol use disorders identification kit)

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19
Q

What is the physiological response to stress?

A

“Fight or flight” stimulated by catecholamines e.g. Adrenaline

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20
Q

What is meant by General adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm “fight or flight”
Resistance- body continues to operate at a high level but initial symptoms disappear
Exhaustion- capacity of body is reduced and symptoms may reappear

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21
Q

Explain the transactional model of stress:

A

Process of interactions between a person and the outside world, stress is the result of how people appraise events and their ability to cope with them. Takes into account life events, daily hassles and chronic stress as well as an individual’s resources to help cope e.g. Social support system

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22
Q

What physical health risks may be produced by chronic stress?

A

Damage to the cardiovascular system e.g. MI
Depressed immune system and increased inflammatory responses
Use of unhealthy behaviours as a coping mechanism
Mental health issues

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23
Q

Why is a stressed individual more prone to mental health issues?

A

Thinking is more rigid and extreme when under stress
Prone to cognitive distortion e.g. Overgeneralisation, catastrophising and personalisation
Rumination
“Learned helplessness”, anxiety and depression

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24
Q

What are the three stages of the sexual response cycle and name a sexual dysfunction condition that can be experienced at each stage?

A

Desire (lack of or loss of)
Arousal (erectile disorder, sexual arousal disorder)
Orgasm (orgasmic dysfunction, rapid ejaculation, inhibited orgasm)

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25
What is dysparellnia?
Difficult/painful sexual intercourse
26
What is vaginismus?
Painful spasmodic contraction of the vagina in response to physical contact or pressure
27
What may be considered predisposing factors to sexual dysfunction?
False beliefs and concepts Unrealistic expectations Poor communication Early sexual trauma
28
What may be considered to be precipitating factors to sexual dysfunction?
Physical/physiological Life events Partners problems
29
What may be considered to be perpetuating factors to sexual dysfunction?
``` Loss of confidence Spectating Guilt/shame Breakdown in communication Pressure to perform ```
30
What is psychosexual therapy?
Educative counselling with modification of attitudes/beliefs and facilitation of communication, sometimes involving specific directions for sexual behaviour
31
What is meant by coping?
A way of trying to manage stress and return to a normal level of functioning
32
Explain different coping styles:
Emotion focussed coping e.g. Behavioural approach (distraction) or cognitive approach (denial) Problem focussed coping by reducing demands or increasing resources
33
What aids coping?
Increased social support Increased personal control e.g. Pain management, CBT or involvement of patients in care programmes Preparation for stress
34
What are the outcomes of successful coping?
Tolerating/adjusting Reducing threats Maintaining a positive self image Continuing relationships
35
What is anxiety?
Unpleasant emotional state that may include feelings of panic or dread
36
What is depression?
Emotional state characterised by persisting low mood, sadness and loss of interest including feelings of despair and worthlessness Note- co-morbid depression can exacerbate pain and distress associated with physical health problems
37
What barriers are there to recognising psychological problems?
Symptoms experienced out with consultation or attributed to treatment or condition Patient may not disclose HCPs avoid asking as they feel it is outside their role/time constraints/reluctance to label
38
What is the definition of pain (WHO)?
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or is described in terms of such damage
39
What is health psychology?
Contribution of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health prevention and treatment of illness, analysis and improvement of the healthcare system and health policy formation.
40
What are the features of acute pain?
Short term Warns of tissue damage Lasts as long as healing Action can be taken
41
What are features of chronic pain?
Lasts longer than 12 weeks/long-term Not useful No known cause Prolonged rest/medication is unhelpful
42
Explain gate control theory?
Pain is a perception and experienced in the brain The extent to which the 'gate' (found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) is open or closed determines the pain that is felt
43
What are the aims and features of pain management programmes?
Aim to improve the physical, psychological, emotional and social dimensions of quality of life for patients Encourages acceptance of pain, improvement of fitness and mobility and posture etc. Suitable for patients that can communicate, have good mental health and are willing to be in a group environment
44
What are the patterns of dying?
Gradual death Catastrophic death Premature death
45
What is the five stages of grief model?
``` Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance ```
46
What are the risk factors for chronic grief?
``` Prior bereavements Type of loss Lack of social support Grief expression is discouraged Ending of grief discouraged ```
47
What are the aims of palliative care?
Improve quality of life Manage emotional and physical symptoms Give patients control
48
What is meant by CBT?
Combination of concepts and techniques from cognitive and behavioural therapies that relieve symptoms by changing maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and behaviours. Techniques include graded exposure to feared situations,macro its scheduling, education, monitoring and challenging negative thoughts etc
49
What patients are suitable for CBT?
``` Depression/anxiety Keen to be active participants Engage collaboratively Can accept the model Are practically seeking solutions ```
50
What are psychodynamic therapies?
Focal conflicts arising from early experiences that are re-enacted in adult life using the relationship with the therapist (transference). Requires ability for self-exploration and capacity for pain.
51
Name the components of the negative cognitive triad:
Negative view of self Negative view of the world around Negative view of the future
52
What is psychotherapy?
Systematic use of a relationship between a patient and a therapist to produce changes in feelings, cognition and behaviour
53
What is attachment theory?
Relationship between infants and their primary care givers, behaviours include proximity seeking. Secure attachment informs the infant they are worthy of love and care, influences brain development, social competence, peer relations and physical and emotional health. First year is the critical period, but problems can result of separated in the first four years
54
What are the stages of social development?
Social smile at 6wks Preference for non-strangers at 3 months Specific attachments formed at 7-8 months
55
What styles are there of insecure attachment?
Avoidant Ambivalent (child clingy, mother unreliable) Disorganised
56
What problems arise from the absence of an attachment figure?
Separation anxiety, increased aggression, clingy behaviour, bed-wetting etc. May see being left as a punishment For hospital stays allowing carers access, attachment objects, toys and activities and continuity of staff can minimise these problems
57
What is the cognitive development theory?
Sensorimotor 0-2yrs- develop motor coordination, body schema, no abstract concepts, understand permanence at 8mths Pre-operational 2-7yrs- language development, egocentricism, lack of conservation concept, classify by single features Concrete operational 7-12yrs- achieve conservation by mass, number and weight, are able to classify many features and see things from others perspectives Formal operational 12+yrs- abstract logic, hypothetical and deductive reasoning
58
What is social development theory?
Cognitive development requires social interaction, child is an 'apprentice' and learns through shared problem solving
59
Give examples of good practice for communicating with children:
Use concrete terms not metaphors "Smiley face charts" Social referencing and initial contact with carer Play and engage the child in activities Enthusiastic praise and 'quick-fixes' e.g. Stickers
60
What is culture?
Defined by each person in relationship to the group or groups with whom he or she identifies. An individual's cultural identity may be based on heritage as well as individual circumstances and personal choice
61
How can differences in culture affect management of a patient?
``` Can affect communication The patient-doctor relationship Compliance Rejection of the provider etc. The way they make sense of symptoms Views of services Access to services etc. ```
62
What are the differences between sexual orientation, identity and behaviour?
Orientation is the gender you are attracted to Identity refers to specific groups and labels e.g. Lesbian Behaviour is what the person does e.g. MSM
63
What is the difference between gender identity and expression?
Gender identity- internal perception and experience of gender Gender expression- the way a person lives in society and interacts with others
64
What is meant by transgender and transsexual?
Transgender- those who identify with gender identity and/or expression that differs from their birth sex Transsexual- consistent and overwhelming desire to transition and fulfil their life as a member of the opposite sex
65
What healthcare needs may the LGBT community need?
Mental health Substance misuse Cancer (lesbians should still have smears) STIs
66
What is compliance?
Extent to which patient complies with medical advice, conveys powerful doctor/passive patient mentality
67
What is meant by adherence?
Extent to which patient behaviour coincides with medical advice, respects the patients right to choose
68
What measures can be used to measure adherence?
Direct- blood/urine tests | Indirect- pill counts, self reporting, dose measures, second-hand reporting
69
What is the multidimensional model in respect to adherence?
Illness factors- symptomatic, severity of disease Treatment factors- preparation, complexity, expense, administration, side effects Patient factors- understanding, recall, beliefs and priorities Psychosocial factors- social support and context Healthcare factors- accessibility, prescriber, perceived manner, communication and competence
70
What is meant by concordance?
Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment regimen, patient is involved and active, their beliefs and expectations taken into account
71
Why is breaking bad news important?
``` Important to maintain trust Reduce uncertainty Prevent unrealistic expectations Allow appropriate adjustment Promote open communication ```
72
Explain SPIKES:
S- setting and listening skills P- patients perceptions I.e. what they know already I- invitation by the patient, how much they want to know K- knowledge and understanding E- empathy e.g. validating and normalising S- strategy and summary

ESA3 (5 decks)

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