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ESA3 > Health Psychology > Flashcards

Health Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the biopsychosocial model?

A

Contribution of biological, psychological and social factors to an individual’s health status, e.g. Physiology/genetics, behaviours/emotion, employment/social networking

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2
Q

What is meant by stereotyping?

A

A generalisation made about a specific social group and members of those groups

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of organising semantic knowledge into schemata?

A

Advantages- energy saving, usually useful for new situations etc.
Disadvantages- danger of overlooking individuality

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4
Q

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

Prejudice is evaluative and forms attitudes, if these prejudices are acted upon the difference in behaviour is known as discrimination

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5
Q

Give some examples of ageist stereotypes:

A

Intellectual deterioration
Inability to adapt to change, “set in ways”
Personal stagnation etc.

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6
Q

What actual changes in intellect take place as you get older?

A

Gradual linear IQ decline throughout adult life that accelerates +60. Decline is at different rates in different skills/areas in different people
E.g. Some people get dementia which is disabling, some may get mild cognitive impairment which is not

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7
Q

Explain the two models that describe personality changes in old age:

A

Developmental model- ‘life stages’ and associated conflicts e.g. In old age is ‘integrity vs despair’
Trait model- describes personality in terms of constituent traits

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8
Q

Give examples of events that occur within the social context of getting older:

A 
Family role adjustment
Changing family contact
Retirement
Death and bereavement
Acknowledgement of own mortality
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9
Q

What is meant by classical conditioning?

A

Association of a behaviour with an unrelated stimuli, learning through association
E.g. Disulfiram

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10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

People act on the environment and behaviour is shaped by the consequences e.g. Reward and punishment

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of conditioning learning theories?

A

Do not take into account cognitive processes, knowledge, attitudes or beliefs

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12
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

People learn vicariously through others with behaviour focussed on desired goals/outcomes. There is motivation to perform valued behaviours and model behaviours on those of higher status ‘role models’.

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13
Q

Explain cognitive dissonance theory:

A

Discomfort experienced when holding inconsistent beliefs or when events don’t match preconceived beliefs. Dissonance is reduced by either changing beliefs or behaviours

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14
Q

Explain the Health Belief Model:

A

Patient takes into account beliefs about the threat to their health (susceptibility and security) and their beliefs about the health related behaviour (benefits to performing, barriers to performing) to dictate their behaviour

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15
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Attitude, the subjective norm and self-efficacy/perceived control are taken into account to produce an intention but not a behaviour.
Can be a good predictor of intention but not behaviour!

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16
Q

What are the stages of the stages of change model?

A 
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance/relapse
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17
Q

List the progression of drinking habits:

A 
Abstentation
Low risk
Hazardous
Harmful
Moderate dependence
Severe dependence- experience of withdrawal
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18
Q

How would you manage a patient with substance misuse?

A

Assisted detox and substitute prescribing e.g. Diazepam
Supportive treatments e.g. Vitamin supplements
Relapse prevention
Alcohol screening AUDIT (alcohol use disorders identification kit)

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19
Q

What is the physiological response to stress?

A

“Fight or flight” stimulated by catecholamines e.g. Adrenaline

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20
Q

What is meant by General adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm “fight or flight”
Resistance- body continues to operate at a high level but initial symptoms disappear
Exhaustion- capacity of body is reduced and symptoms may reappear

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21
Q

Explain the transactional model of stress:

A

Process of interactions between a person and the outside world, stress is the result of how people appraise events and their ability to cope with them. Takes into account life events, daily hassles and chronic stress as well as an individual’s resources to help cope e.g. Social support system

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22
Q

What physical health risks may be produced by chronic stress?

A

Damage to the cardiovascular system e.g. MI
Depressed immune system and increased inflammatory responses
Use of unhealthy behaviours as a coping mechanism
Mental health issues

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23
Q

Why is a stressed individual more prone to mental health issues?

A

Thinking is more rigid and extreme when under stress
Prone to cognitive distortion e.g. Overgeneralisation, catastrophising and personalisation
Rumination
“Learned helplessness”, anxiety and depression

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24
Q

What are the three stages of the sexual response cycle and name a sexual dysfunction condition that can be experienced at each stage?

A

Desire (lack of or loss of)
Arousal (erectile disorder, sexual arousal disorder)
Orgasm (orgasmic dysfunction, rapid ejaculation, inhibited orgasm)

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25
Q

What is dysparellnia?

A

Difficult/painful sexual intercourse

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26
Q

What is vaginismus?

A

Painful spasmodic contraction of the vagina in response to physical contact or pressure

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27
Q

What may be considered predisposing factors to sexual dysfunction?

A

False beliefs and concepts
Unrealistic expectations
Poor communication
Early sexual trauma

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28
Q

What may be considered to be precipitating factors to sexual dysfunction?

A

Physical/physiological
Life events
Partners problems

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29
Q

What may be considered to be perpetuating factors to sexual dysfunction?

A 
Loss of confidence 
Spectating
Guilt/shame 
Breakdown in communication
Pressure to perform
30
Q

What is psychosexual therapy?

A

Educative counselling with modification of attitudes/beliefs and facilitation of communication, sometimes involving specific directions for sexual behaviour

31
Q

What is meant by coping?

A

A way of trying to manage stress and return to a normal level of functioning

32
Q

Explain different coping styles:

A

Emotion focussed coping e.g. Behavioural approach (distraction) or cognitive approach (denial)
Problem focussed coping by reducing demands or increasing resources

33
Q

What aids coping?

A

Increased social support
Increased personal control e.g. Pain management, CBT or involvement of patients in care programmes
Preparation for stress

34
Q

What are the outcomes of successful coping?

A

Tolerating/adjusting
Reducing threats
Maintaining a positive self image
Continuing relationships

35
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Unpleasant emotional state that may include feelings of panic or dread

36
Q

What is depression?

A

Emotional state characterised by persisting low mood, sadness and loss of interest including feelings of despair and worthlessness
Note- co-morbid depression can exacerbate pain and distress associated with physical health problems

37
Q

What barriers are there to recognising psychological problems?

A

Symptoms experienced out with consultation or attributed to treatment or condition
Patient may not disclose
HCPs avoid asking as they feel it is outside their role/time constraints/reluctance to label

38
Q

What is the definition of pain (WHO)?

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or is described in terms of such damage

39
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Contribution of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health prevention and treatment of illness, analysis and improvement of the healthcare system and health policy formation.

40
Q

What are the features of acute pain?

A

Short term
Warns of tissue damage
Lasts as long as healing
Action can be taken

41
Q

What are features of chronic pain?

A

Lasts longer than 12 weeks/long-term
Not useful
No known cause
Prolonged rest/medication is unhelpful

42
Q

Explain gate control theory?

A

Pain is a perception and experienced in the brain
The extent to which the ‘gate’ (found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) is open or closed determines the pain that is felt

43
Q

What are the aims and features of pain management programmes?

A

Aim to improve the physical, psychological, emotional and social dimensions of quality of life for patients
Encourages acceptance of pain, improvement of fitness and mobility and posture etc.
Suitable for patients that can communicate, have good mental health and are willing to be in a group environment

44
Q

What are the patterns of dying?

A

Gradual death
Catastrophic death
Premature death

45
Q

What is the five stages of grief model?

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining 
Depression
Acceptance
46
Q

What are the risk factors for chronic grief?

A 
Prior bereavements
Type of loss
Lack of social support 
Grief expression is discouraged 
Ending of grief discouraged
47
Q

What are the aims of palliative care?

A

Improve quality of life
Manage emotional and physical symptoms
Give patients control

48
Q

What is meant by CBT?

A

Combination of concepts and techniques from cognitive and behavioural therapies that relieve symptoms by changing maladaptive thoughts, beliefs and behaviours.
Techniques include graded exposure to feared situations,macro its scheduling, education, monitoring and challenging negative thoughts etc

49
Q

What patients are suitable for CBT?

A 
Depression/anxiety 
Keen to be active participants
Engage collaboratively 
Can accept the model
Are practically seeking solutions
50
Q

What are psychodynamic therapies?

A

Focal conflicts arising from early experiences that are re-enacted in adult life using the relationship with the therapist (transference). Requires ability for self-exploration and capacity for pain.

51
Q

Name the components of the negative cognitive triad:

A

Negative view of self
Negative view of the world around
Negative view of the future

52
Q

What is psychotherapy?

A

Systematic use of a relationship between a patient and a therapist to produce changes in feelings, cognition and behaviour

53
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

Relationship between infants and their primary care givers, behaviours include proximity seeking. Secure attachment informs the infant they are worthy of love and care, influences brain development, social competence, peer relations and physical and emotional health.
First year is the critical period, but problems can result of separated in the first four years

54
Q

What are the stages of social development?

A

Social smile at 6wks
Preference for non-strangers at 3 months
Specific attachments formed at 7-8 months

55
Q

What styles are there of insecure attachment?

A

Avoidant
Ambivalent (child clingy, mother unreliable)
Disorganised

56
Q

What problems arise from the absence of an attachment figure?

A

Separation anxiety, increased aggression, clingy behaviour, bed-wetting etc. May see being left as a punishment
For hospital stays allowing carers access, attachment objects, toys and activities and continuity of staff can minimise these problems

57
Q

What is the cognitive development theory?

A

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs- develop motor coordination, body schema, no abstract concepts, understand permanence at 8mths
Pre-operational 2-7yrs- language development, egocentricism, lack of conservation concept, classify by single features
Concrete operational 7-12yrs- achieve conservation by mass, number and weight, are able to classify many features and see things from others perspectives
Formal operational 12+yrs- abstract logic, hypothetical and deductive reasoning

58
Q

What is social development theory?

A

Cognitive development requires social interaction, child is an ‘apprentice’ and learns through shared problem solving

59
Q

Give examples of good practice for communicating with children:

A

Use concrete terms not metaphors
“Smiley face charts”
Social referencing and initial contact with carer
Play and engage the child in activities
Enthusiastic praise and ‘quick-fixes’ e.g. Stickers

60
Q

What is culture?

A

Defined by each person in relationship to the group or groups with whom he or she identifies. An individual’s cultural identity may be based on heritage as well as individual circumstances and personal choice

61
Q

How can differences in culture affect management of a patient?

A 
Can affect communication
The patient-doctor relationship
Compliance 
Rejection of the provider etc.
The way they make sense of symptoms 
Views of services 
Access to services etc.
62
Q

What are the differences between sexual orientation, identity and behaviour?

A

Orientation is the gender you are attracted to
Identity refers to specific groups and labels e.g. Lesbian
Behaviour is what the person does e.g. MSM

63
Q

What is the difference between gender identity and expression?

A

Gender identity- internal perception and experience of gender
Gender expression- the way a person lives in society and interacts with others

64
Q

What is meant by transgender and transsexual?

A

Transgender- those who identify with gender identity and/or expression that differs from their birth sex
Transsexual- consistent and overwhelming desire to transition and fulfil their life as a member of the opposite sex

65
Q

What healthcare needs may the LGBT community need?

A

Mental health
Substance misuse
Cancer (lesbians should still have smears)
STIs

66
Q

What is compliance?

A

Extent to which patient complies with medical advice, conveys powerful doctor/passive patient mentality

67
Q

What is meant by adherence?

A

Extent to which patient behaviour coincides with medical advice, respects the patients right to choose

68
Q

What measures can be used to measure adherence?

A

Direct- blood/urine tests

Indirect- pill counts, self reporting, dose measures, second-hand reporting

69
Q

What is the multidimensional model in respect to adherence?

A

Illness factors- symptomatic, severity of disease
Treatment factors- preparation, complexity, expense, administration, side effects
Patient factors- understanding, recall, beliefs and priorities
Psychosocial factors- social support and context
Healthcare factors- accessibility, prescriber, perceived manner, communication and competence

70
Q

What is meant by concordance?

A

Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment regimen, patient is involved and active, their beliefs and expectations taken into account

71
Q

Why is breaking bad news important?

A 
Important to maintain trust
Reduce uncertainty
Prevent unrealistic expectations
Allow appropriate adjustment
Promote open communication
72
Q

Explain SPIKES:

A

S- setting and listening skills
P- patients perceptions I.e. what they know already
I- invitation by the patient, how much they want to know
K- knowledge and understanding
E- empathy e.g. validating and normalising
S- strategy and summary

ESA3 (5 decks)

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