Health Psychology Flashcards

Question

How can compliance be improved?

Answer 1

By improving communication, information given and the satisfaction of the patient

Answer 2

Can be over simplistic as compliance is actually affected by many more factors e.g., nature of treatment, illness itself, patient's beliefs and social context

Answer 3

Non-adherence due to capacity and resource limitations, such as lack of understanding or physical limitations

Answer 4

Pain lasting for longer than 3 months, with no ongoing tissue damage and not eased by medication

Answer 5

States that pain is a complex process due to complex pathways between the damage and the brain. Works on the basis that pain messages pass through 2 'gates' or neural relays in the spine and whether these gates are open or closed, impacts on the perception of pain. So, pain can be amplified or interrupted, depending on factors that open or close these gates. Factors can be psychological eg anxiety or physical such as medication or physical stimulation

Answer 6

Lack of symptom disclosure due to fear of judgement or not wanting to complain or fear of stigma or consequences of disclosure Poor communication so bad patient - doctor relationship. Doctors may be reluctant to ask about mental health symptoms as they feel it's not in their remit, lack of time or don't want patient to feel distressed

Answer 7

To help people with cycles of maladaptive thoughts

Answer 8

Mixture of cognitive, so challenging thoughts and belief processes and Behavioural eg role play and gradual exposure to the feared situation

Answer 9

``` Deinal Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance ```

Answer 10

Setting - eg privacy, patient at eye level Patient's perceptions - so ask what they already know Invitation from patients to explain everything. Might not want full details Knowledge and delivery - give a warning shot and give information in small chunks, regularly asking for understanding Empathy and emotional support Strategy and summary

Answer 11

Compliance is authoritarian and is the extent to which the patient acts according to medical advice Adherence is the extent to which patient behavious coincides with medical advice and is more patient centered

Answer 12

Patient factors such as understanding, such as understanding and beliefs Illness factors such as symptoms and severity Medication factors such as preparation, administration, consequence and immediate character Psychosocial factors such as psychological health, social support and social context Healthcare factors, such as setting, prescribers, perceived manner, positive behaviours, communication and perceived competence

Answer 13

``` Diagnosis Treatment Physical impact Hospitalisation Adjustment Socioeconomic impact ```

Answer 14

Family issues eg bereavement, relationships Personal problems Workplace issues Financial problems

Answer 15

Can be emotion focussed to change associated emotion by doing something and changing behaviour, or changing how you think about the problem May also be problem focussed by either reducing the demands of the situation or expanding the resources available to deal with it

Answer 16

Increase or mobilise social support Teach stress management techniques Increase level of personal control Prepare patients for stressful events

Answer 17

Improves ability to tolerate and adjust to negative events Maintains positive self image Reduces threat Enhances prospect of recovery Maintains emotional equilibrium Enables continuance of satisfying relationships

Answer 18

Depression | Anxiety

Answer 19

Increased recall of threatening memories Increased vigilance for threats Interpretation of ambiguous information as threatening

Answer 20

Associated with worsening of risk factors and health related behaviours Compromised quality of life Impact on coping Poorer self management

Answer 21

Symptoms may be attributed to illness or treatment Patient may want to avoid feeling like a burden Patient may be worried about stigma Doctor may not want to label the patient Doctor may feel it's outside of their role if not a psychiatrist

Answer 22

Link between mental and physical health | Need to offer help for symptoms

Answer 23

Support in coping Medication Counseling and psychological therapies Recognition, assessment and management Antidepressants Low intensity psychological interventions eg for generalised anxiety disorder High intensity interventions if more severe/persistent

Answer 24

Emotionally charged, confiding relationship with a helpful person Healing setting Rationale explaining symptoms and suggesting a way forward Ritual requiring active participation from patient and therapist Combats patients sense of alienation Inspires patient's expectation of help Provides new and different learning experiences Arouses emotions Enhances sense of mastery and self-efficacy Provides opportunities for practices

Answer 25

Type A - Psychological treatment such as reflection as an integral part of mental health care, such as in a GP consultation Type B - Eclectic mix of psychotherapy and counselling that borrows from various different approaches Type C - Formal psychotherapies

Answer 26

CBT distracts from symptoms and alters abnormal beliefs and perceptions so can be useful in reducing preoccupation with delusions and intensity of beliefs. However, it's not as useful for dealing with negative symptoms, such as withdrawal

Answer 27

Patients who are keen to be active participants Patients who can engage collaboratively Those who can accept a holistic model emphasising thoughts and feelings Those who can articulate problems and are actively seeking help

Answer 28

Evidence of efficacy is often from homogeneous populations with few comorbidities Carried out by expert practitioners so not feasible in routine practice Restricted benefits when problems are complex and diffuse

Answer 29

To allow unconscious conflicts to be re-enacted and interpreted withing the patient-therapist relationship

Answer 30

Involves ID conflicts that arise in early life to be reenacted and resolved, with the patient-therapist relationship being the main vehicle for change

Answer 31

For people with interpersonal difficulties and personality problems For people with a capacity to tolerate mental pain For people with an interest in self-exploration

Answer 32

May be too painful and relationship may be too intense Less focused than CBT Quite subjective Relies on constructs that are difficult to measure

Answer 33

Any therapy involving more than one person, most commonly family therapy with the child being the symptom bearer of a familial problem

Answer 34

General counselling skills such as warmth, empathy and unconditional positive regard

Answer 35

Negative view of self Negative view of outside world Negative view of the future

Answer 36

Identity refers to what a person thinks about themselves and how they feel, whereas behaviour refers to what people actually do.

Answer 37

Don't pathologise or moralise Validate and affirm a patient's identity, rather than just being neutral Trans people are protected by law from exposure of their identity Don't 'out' them without their consent Distinguish between a patient's problems and their identity Respect patient's lifestyle and identity and don't show inappropriate interest Be knowledgable

Answer 38

A person's gender identity is someone's internal perception and experience of their gender, whereas their gender role is how the person lives within society and interacts with others

Answer 39

Umbrella term for those whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from their birth sex

Answer 40

Transsexual is someone that wants to transition and fulfil their life as a member of the opposite sex. Transvestite is someone that doesn't want to change anatomically Gender queer is someone with know strict gender identity.

Answer 41

Increased stress levels long terms negatively impacts health Low self esteem means less likely to carry out good self care Isolation means less likely to access healthcare and may be poorer living conditions Being within a subculture means higher levels of drugs, alcohol and smoking Distrust of authorities means may not access healthcare Discriminatory healthcare system can affect access

Answer 42

Assumption that heterosexuality in the only normal and valid form of sexuality. Assumes that everyone is straight and acts accordingly

Answer 43

A limiting generalisation about a group of people

Answer 44

How long a person can expect to live in good health

Answer 45

``` Palpitations Fatigue Digestive symptoms Shortness of breath Reduced immune functions ```

Answer 46

Irritability Insomnia Crying Social withdrawal

Answer 47

``` Depression Anxiety Anger Loneliness Guilt ```

Answer 48

``` Lack of concentration Hallucinations Memory loss Preoccupation Hopelessness Disturbance of identity ```

Answer 49

``` Prior bereavement Poor mental health Type of loss Stress from other crises Lack of social support ```

Answer 50

If expression of grief is discouraged | If ending of grief is discouraged

Answer 51

Disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterise the sexual response cycle. Cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty

Answer 52

``` Detailed description of the problem Behavioural, cognitive and affective functioning Relevant past relationships Relationship with partner Past medical history and drug use Mental health history Family and psychosexual history Significant life events Sexuality Cultural aspects Coping mechanisms and support networks ```

Answer 53

``` Express empathy and reassurance Don't show embarrassment Stigma Cultural and religious issues Privacy and confidentiality Use open and specific questions Avoid labels, judgements and assumptions Avoid terminology Interview partner if possible ```

Answer 54

Educative counselling Modification of attitudes and beliefs Facilitation of communication and assertiveness Specific directions for sexual behaviour

Answer 55

Oral therapy of viagra, testosterone or SSRIs Local therapy of EMLA cream. As well as SSRIs, used to reduce sensation to help with premature ejaculation Self injection therapy to stimulate erection Mechanical therapy, eg pumps to increase blood flow or rings to maintain erection

Answer 56

Testosterone Lubricants Oestrogens Clitoral therapy device or zestra gel stimulate blood flow to clitoris to increase arousal

Answer 57

``` To promote trust Reduces uncertainty Allows adjustment Prevents unrealistic expectations Promotes open communication ```

Answer 58

Patient's needs, wishes and priorities. Patient's level of knowledge and understanding Nature of condition Complexity of treatment Nature and risks associated with treatment

Answer 59

Increasing diversity of populations Impacts on legislative frameworks Impact on differential outcomes May be disparities in care accessed or beyond the point of access Increasing evidence that taking a patient centered approach improves outcomes

Answer 60

Lack of knowledge can lead to inability to recognise differences Self protection and denial leading to an attitude that differences aren't significant Fear of the unknown can be intimidating and may not fit into person's world view Feeling of pressure from time constraints can mean doctor is unable to look into patient's needs in sufficient depth

Answer 61

Affects patient-provider relationship if understanding of expectations is missed Miscommunication Non-compliance Misunderstanding of patient's perspective Rejection of healthcare provider Conflict/isolation within staff groups

Answer 62

Perception of mental health problems Methods of dealing with certain symptoms and behaviours Views of services and if they accept these services Acceptance of treatment and management strategies Visibility and accessibility and experience of services

Answer 63

Pressures to conform to religion or other practice Pressure to conform to expected gender roles Pressure to conform to social norms Pressure to conform to familial expectations Sexual orientation Forced marriages Difficulty in reconciling culture in private and public domains

Answer 64

Avoidant - Little response to caregiver leaving or returning Ambivalent - Clingy/distress on leaving and difficult to comfort on return Disorganised - Difficulty coping on return. May indicate maltreatment

Answer 65

``` Carer sensitive to child's signals Rapid, appropriate, consistent responses Interactive synchrony with carer Carer has high self esteem Carer accepts their role ```

Answer 66

``` Separation anxiety Increased aggression Bed wetting Detachment Clinging behaviour ```

Answer 67

``` Depression Slower movement Less play Less sleep and less REM sleep Reduced heart rate Reduced body temperature ```

Answer 68

Can't 'see' carer in their mind Limited language so difficult to grasp concept of time and return Lack ability to understand abstract concepts May view separation as punishment

Answer 69

May impede adherence Stress has adverse health effects Worsened experience of pain due to high anxiety levels

Answer 70

Too simplistic Overly focused on mums with role of Dad being marginalised Multiple attachment figures may be formed Quality of substitute care is not considered

Answer 71

Practitioners shouldn't assume an average ability. Individual level of understanding should be assessed as well as zone of proximal development and tailer communication accordingly. Young children may assume others know how they feel as they lack theory of mind Difficult for children to articulate feelings, especially if language is still developing Can't always think in abstract or metaphors so communication should be kept abstract Children can have difficulty comprehending the future which has implications for consent and adherence