Health Psychology Flashcards
What is health psychology?
Study of social, behavioral, cognitive and emotional factors that contribute to promote health
What is instrumental support?
Providing different types of resources, assisting with problems
True or false: perceived available support is a better predictor of wellbeing
True
What are the five illness cognitions dimensions?
- Identity
- Perceived cause of illness
- Timeline
- Consequences
- Cure and control
What does the mode of Lazarus and Folkman state?
When there is a stressor:
Primary appraisal: harmful?
- No? —> no stress
- Yes?
Secondary appraisal: able to cope?
- Yes? —> no stress
- No? —> stress
What is the definition of a dispositional coping style?
Coping is a personality trait and a person uses the same coping style in different situations
What is the definition of a situational coping style?
A person has diverse coping styles and uses one or the other depending on the situation
What is the definition of this coping type: problem-focused
Try changing or eliminating the source of the stress
What is the definition of this coping type: emotion-focused
Regulate emotions (not changing the situation, but your reaction to the situation)
What is the definition of this coping type: approach based coping
Deal with the stressors and related emotions
What is the definition of this coping type: avoidance based coping
Attempts to escape from having to deal with the stressor
What are the goals of coping?
- Recovery
- Tolerate or adjust to negative events or realities
- Maintain a positive self-image
- Maintain emotional equilibrium
- Continue satisfying relationships with others
What is the definition of: self-regulation
Efforts of humans to alter thoughts, feelings and desires away from short-term temptations and towards longer-term goals
What is the definition of: self-management
The ability of the individual to cope with symptoms, treatment, physical and social consequences of chronic illness and related changes in lifestyle
What is the definition of: self-monitoring
A person assessing the frequency of his/ her target behavior and the antecedants and consequences of that behavior. What am I doing?
What is the definition of: self-reaction
How do I feel and think about how I am doing?
What is the definition of: self-guidance
Being able to bring yourself to a goal
What is the definition of: self-efficacy
A person’s confidence that he/ she can perform certain behaviors
What is the definition of: self-evaluation
Collecting feedback on where one stands and how one is doing with respect to one’s goals. How am I doing relative to my goals?
True or false: self-management is formulated positively and coping can be formulated negatively and positively
True
What are the three phases in self-regulation?
- Goal selection & goal setting
- Active goal pursuit
- Goal attainment & maintenance
Give an example of an if-then plan
After I eat lunch, I take my medication
What is the definition of: intentional non-adherence?
The patient consciously makes the decision not to adhere
- Creaive non-adherence: changing medication dose
What is the definition of: non-intentional non-adherence
Goes by accident, forgetting to take medication
Name the five determinant categories of adherence
- Socio-economic
- Health care and system
- Condition
- Therapy
- Patient
Describe this relationship: default
- Patient control low
- Physician control low
- Neither takes an active role, the patient is often unware of what else is possible
Describe this relationship: consumerism
- Patient control high
- Physician control low
- Patient asks doctor for a prescription
Describe this relationship: paternalism
- Patient control low
- Physician control high
- ‘Old fashioned way’, where doctor takes an active role and the patient sits back
Describe this relationship: mutuality
- Patient control high
- Physician control high
- Together the doctor and the patient decide what the best option is for the patient
Mistakes in communication of healtcare providers
- Inattentiveness
- Use of jargon
- Baby talk
- Non-person treatment
- Stereotypes of patients
Low SES patients - Less information provision
- Less positive socio-emotional support
- More directive, less participating style
Mistakes in communication of patients
- Neuroticism: exaggeration of symptoms
- Anxiety: less attention
- Low health literacy: difficulties in understanding
- Embarrassment: not reporting important information
Low SES patients - Asking less questions
- Less effective expressiveness
- Less opninion giving
Non-native - Language difficulties
- Not asking questions if something is unclear
- Expectations of doctor not clear
What are the four stages of motivational interviewing?
- Engage, through having sensitive concersations with patients
- Focus, on what’s important to the patient regarding behavior, health, and welfare
- Evoke the patient’s personal motivation for change
- Negotiate plans
What is the definition of change talk?
Statements by the client revealing consideration of, motivation for, or commitment to change
Functional health literacy
Basic skills in reading, writing and calculating
Interactive health literacy
Communicative health literacy. Skills to participate actively, to extract health information, derive meaning from it and apply it to changing circumstances
Critical health literacy
Critically analyzing and reflecting on information or advice. Use information to exert control over your own health
What method could you apply to individuals with low health literacy?
Teach back method
Teach back method
- Confirming if your message is understood
- Asking patients to explain in their own words what they need to know or to do
- Indication how well you communicated, not a test of the patient
Lapse
A first violation of the abstinence goal. A single setback, a mistake, slip
Relapse
A full return to previous unhealthy behavior
Maintenance
An action sustained over a certain period of time
High risk situation
- Negative feelings
- Interpersonal conflicts
- Social pressures
- Positive emotional states (overestimate)
Spirit of motivational interviewing
- Acceptance
- Collaboration
- Evocation
- Planning
Core-set of skills of motivational interviewing
- Open-ended questions
- Affirmations
- Reflections
- Summarizing
Model: Susan had diabetes and is losing weight. She exercises three times a week and eats healthy. She is very confident about her weight loss, because she knows what to do.
Increased self-efficacy because she has an effective coping response
Model: Two days later, Susan feels somewhat depressed.
High risk situation
Model: Susan eats two large pieces of chocolate cake.
Lapse
Model: She ate those pieces of cake because she believed that doing that would make her feel better.
Positive outcome expectancy of unhealthy behavior
Model: After she ate the cake, she felt guilty. Therefore, she continues eating the leftovers. She ruined her diet anyway.
Abstinence violation effect
How do people get into high risk situations?
- Lifestyle imbalance and stress (should and wants)
- Desire for indulgence
- Urges and cravings
- Rationalization
- Irrelevant decisions (“set-ups”)
