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Health psych 383 Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that modify the health impact of stress

A

Modifying the stressor, Modifying the person’s reaction to the stressor and modifying the relationship between stress and illness

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2
Q

What is Coping

A

Thoughts and behaviors used o manage the demands of stressful situations

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3
Q

Characteristics of Coping

A

Dynamic process between coping and stressful event, series of transactions between a person who has a set resources, values and commitments and a particular environment with its own resources and demands and constraints. Set of responses, occurring over time, by which the environment and the person influence each other. Another important aspect is its breath. Emotional reactions include anger or depression, and part of the coping process, voluntarily undertaken to confront the event

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4
Q

How to protect against for stressful events

A

Enhance social support, Improve one’s sense of personal control, organize one’s world better, preparing and planning for stressful events.

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5
Q

Negative affectivity

A

a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, anger, and hostility; related to neuroticism

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6
Q

Negative affectivity is associated

A

with elevated cortisol secretion, HR, inflammation, etc

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7
Q

Disease-prone personality

A

Increased risk for arthritis, diabetes, kidney and liver disease, stomach and gallbladder problems, ulcers, asthma, headaches, heart disease

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8
Q

Type A personality

A

Common is cardiac patients, competitive, achievement orientation, critical of self and others, time urgency, anger/hostility. Greater stress reactivity, react more quickly and strongly

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9
Q

Type B personality

A

Low competitiveness, low time urgency, low anger/hostility

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10
Q

Hostility

A

Produces high levels of stress hormones, high levels of stress hormones puts strain on the heart (high BP and HR), injuries heart and blood vessels over time, high levels is also related to increased smoking and poor nutrition, decreased exercise.

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11
Q

Optimism

A

Report less stress and depression, more likely to seek out social support and engage in effective coping strategies. Lower BP, less susceptible to common cold, quicker healing after surgery, lower risk of heart disease.

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12
Q

Psychological control

A

The belief that one can determine one’s own behavior, influence one’s own behavior, influence one’s environment, and bring about desired outcomes.

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13
Q

To improve psychological control & self-efficacy

A

Engage in more health-promoting behaviors

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14
Q

Self-esteem

A

Associated with lower levels of cortisol and adrenocortrophic hormone in response to stress. High of this is tied to effective coping.

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15
Q

Personality Resources that Benefit Coping

A

Sense of coherence about one’s life, sense of purpose or meaning, sense of humor, trust in others, religious beliefs, conscientiousness, resilience, psychological wellness begets physical wellness

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16
Q

Coping style

A

General propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way

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17
Q

Coping styles

A

Approach vs. avoidant

Problem focused vs, emotional-focused and emotional-approach coping

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18
Q

Approach vs. avoidant style

A

Approach style generally better for health

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19
Q

Problem-focused vs, emotion-focused

A

Problem-focused is better when the stressor can be changed; emotion-focused is better when it can’t

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20
Q

Emotional-approach coping

A

Clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with stress.
Health benefits across a broad array of stressors

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21
Q

Teaching Coping skills includes

A

Mindfulness training (MBSR)

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22
Q

Mindfulness training (MBSR)

A

Systematic medication training to teach self-regulation to stress and negative emotions, strive to be highly aware and present in the moment, acknowledge and accept how things are without judging, and approach situations mindfully, not automatically, and has beneficial health effects.

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23
Q

Stress management includes

A

Self-monitoring of stress, identifying stress ancients, avoid and changing negative self-talk, completing take-home assignments, acquiring and practicing skills, setting goals and engaging in positive self-talk and self instruction

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24
Q

Other coping skills training

A

Time management skills,relaxation skills, assertiveness training, affect regulation training, problem solving training, and all effecting coping strategies require practice

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25
Q

Types of social support

A

Tangible assistance, informational support,emotional support, and invisible support.

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26
Q

Effects on social support on health

A

Decreases feeling of loneliness and psychological distress, reduces the physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress.

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27
Q

Direct effects on social support

A

Improves immunity, lowers likelihood of contracting illness and speeds recovery

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28
Q

Indirect effects on social support

A

People with greater social support are more likely to follow doctors orders,use health services, and engage in other health behaviors

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29
Q

Direct effect hypothesis

A

Says social support is always beneficial

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30
Q

Buffering hypothesis

A

Says that social support is always beneficial during times of high stress

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31
Q

Matching hypothesis

A

If you need to borrow money and your support network can only provide emotional support, won’t be very helpful

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32
Q

How do people decide if their ill

A

Recognition of symptoms, individual differences, attention differences

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33
Q

Culture bound syndrome

A

Health problems that are culturally specific that are only recognized as a disease in a specific culture

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34
Q

Culture bound syndrome are characterized by

A

Characterized by recognition as a diseases in the culture, widespread familiarity in the culture, complete lack of familiarity to people in other cultures, no objectivity demonstrable biological or tissue abnormalities, condition is usually recognized and treating by.

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35
Q

Examples of culture bound syndromes are

A

Latah, Dhat syndrome, Ghost sickness, Hwabyung, Koro, and malde ojo malochio

36
Q

Lay referral network

A

Members of family on social network who are asked for health information, prompters, lay community health advisors, peer health navigates often preferred modes of health, information in certain cultures and communities, very important when health care is not easily available often includes complementary and alternative medicine

37
Q

Who uses health services

A

Age: old and very young
Gender: Women more than men
Social class and culture: lower SES is less likely to use services

38
Q

Misusing health services

A

Seing a doctor for psychological problems, malingering, drug seeking, reinforcing aspects of being sick: secondary gains

39
Q

Other misuse

A

Not seeking treatment when they should, appraisal delay, illness delay, behavioral delay and medical delay.

40
Q

Appraisal delay

A

Time to decide a symptom is serious

41
Q

Illness delay

A

Time between a symptom recognition and decision and decision to seek care

42
Q

Behavioral delay

A

Time between deciding to seek care and doings

43
Q

Medical delay

A

Time between making an appointment and receiving the appropriate medical care

44
Q

Factors contribute to delay behavior

A

Perceived expense to treatment; no regular contact with physician, don’t know where to go; fear of doctors, hospitals, and medical procedures; symptoms perceived as minor or familiar, avoidance coping, procrastination and low health literacy

45
Q

Poor health literacy

A

Strong predictor of a persons health than age etc

46
Q

Health information depends on

A

Where you get the information, how do you know whether the info is accurate, what are some good sources of health information, how do you access those sources, and what skills do you need to use the information

47
Q

World health organization of health literacy

A

Represents the cognitive and social skills which determine motivation and ability for individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. Discepancy between system demands and patient capabilities/resources. Can be effected by unfamiliarity with health problem, anxiety, stress, discrimination, experience, and many other factors.

48
Q

People with low health literacy are

A

Less likely to have health insurance, less likely to report good health, have lower health related knowledge, 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have a negative health outcome, less likely to use preventive services, screenings, physician visits, and immunizations, and more likely to use ER and be hospitalized.

49
Q

People with low health literacy

A

More likely to be diagnosed with late stage of cancer, More likely to be non adherent to medical regimes and more likely to have medication errors and complications

50
Q

People with high health literacy

A

More likely to have better outcomes with surgery, and more likely to take meds as prescribed.

51
Q

Improving health literacy

A

Better education system, better health classes in school, diagnose head injuries, learning disabilities and mental health problems, Make medical care easy to understand, keep prescriptions as simple as possible, use plain language, use teach-back technique, use universal precautions, and use pics and charts as reminders.

52
Q

True or false : getting to know people is like getting fish to nice the water because we don’t know anything else and culture effects everything we do

A

True

53
Q

Pyramid of violence

A

Language and jokes is at the bottom includes sexism, derogatory comments, gender specific names (bitchy and pussy) and minimizes violence; rigid stereotypes such as gender, major in college and greek life; Objectification/dehumanization ex. don’t see someone as a person and name calling; discrimination includes wage gap; Victim blaming includes judging the victim on type of clothes, drinking, slutty; verbal and emotional abuse; physical abuse; sexual abuse; murder.

54
Q

Verbal/ emotional abuse-murder= reactionary

A

affirmative control, safe houses, voice center, and police

55
Q

language and jokes-> victim blaming = primary prevention

A

getting to the roots of the issue, voice center talks, and not in our house campaign

56
Q

Bystandard intervention

A

the only researched, tried and true method for preventing sexual assault, making people who make inappropriate jokes/ comments realize that they are hurtful and unwelcome.
Listen, believe and support.

57
Q

In all the studies discussed in class, approximately how many people ing the use had limited or inadequate health literacy

A

30%

58
Q

health literacy and 3 components

A

Ability to obtain, process, and understand health information

59
Q

Three consequences/ negative outcomes to health outcomes associated with low health literacy

A

Misuse of prescription or taking drugs, risks for disease, stress or embarrassed

60
Q

Three things health care providers can do to help patients understand

A

Inform them about good habits, talk to them about medication they are prescribing and giving them reason to why they tell them what to do.

61
Q

What are ACEs

A

Adverse, childhood, experiences more bad things happen during childhood. The more ACEs, the worse health later on

62
Q

Patient-provider communication

A

Important to patients and effective care, poor communication=non adherence

63
Q

Adherence is important

A

Blood sugar testing and control in diabetics, asthma management, HIV treatment, diet and exercise for heart disease

64
Q

Health communication

A

Average doctor visit last 12-15 minutes, when explaining symptoms, physician will, on average, interrupt before you get 23 seconds in, provider has to extract pertinent information from extraneous information and source of frustration for many patients

65
Q

Barriers to effective communication

A

Jargon and baby talk, depersonalization or nonperson treatment, language barriers, stereotypes of patients

66
Q

Consequences of poor communication

A

Patient dissatisfaction, dissatisfied patient are less likely to use services in the future, dissatisfied patients are less likely to obtain checkups, more likely to change doctors, more likely to file formal complaints, poor adherence to recommendations, increased fear and anxiety related to seeking care

67
Q

Nonadherence

A

15%-93% across all treatment regimens, antibiotics:1/3 patients fail to complete treatment, 50-60% do not keep appointments for modifying preventive health behaviors, 80% drop out of lifestyle change programs, high rates of medication non adherence, makes it very hard to know what treatments work, and greater cause of non adherence is poor communication

68
Q

Enhancing Adherence

A

Good communication; adherence highest when patients receive a clear jargon-free explanation of the etiology diagnosis, and treatment recommendations; higher when patients are encouraged to ask questions, write down recommendations, repeat the instructions; and higher when patient is satisfied with provider relationship.

69
Q

Lower adherence is associated with

A

Regiments that must be followed over a long time, regiments that are complex and regimens that interfere with one’s life

70
Q

Adherence is higher for _______ , lower for _______

A

medication, lifestyle changes

71
Q

Avoidant coping

A

leads to poorer health

72
Q

Improving communication and reducing nonadeherence teach provides how to communicate reduces non adherence by

A

Empathy and listening, involving patient in diagnostic and treatment process, communication skills, feedback, cultural competence, appropriate non verbal communication

73
Q

Training patients to improve communication

A

Have patients go to an appointment with qs and concerns written down, have patient bring someone with them to advocate on his or her behalf, and manage patient anxiety

74
Q

Improving Adherence

A

Reminders, make the experience as easy and pleasant as possible, decrease office wait time, use written, not just verbal instructions, and use pictures, photo novels, symbols, memory aides, use pill boxes with alarms or other aids, use skills training to improve provider communication and patient knowledge, probe for barriers to adherence, stress the most important and actionable components of a treatment, and extract a commitment from the patient

75
Q

Good communication includes

A

Patients understanding the treatment regiment, and patients must decide to comply

76
Q

Universal precautions for medical procedures

A

Adults and children do better when they know what to expect, providing information about what procedure will feel like enhances coping, self-efficency, and sense of control,information and control-enhancing interventions improve adjustment, and relaxation training and coping skills training can be very beneficial

77
Q

Complementary and alternative medicine

A

Set therapies, products and treatments including Yoga, messaging, traditional chinese medication, herbs, and supplements, meds are evaluated for safety and efficiency by the FDA, but herbs supplements are not,and need more research -often placebo effects present

78
Q

Placebo effect

A

Inhaling a useless drug improved lung function in children with asthma by 33%, people exposed to fake poison ivy develop rashes, 42% of balding men who took a placebo maintained or increased hair growth, and sham knee surgery reduces pain as much as real knee surgery

79
Q

Placebo

A

Any medical procedure that produces an effect because of its therapeutic effect and not its specific nature, whether chemical or physical.

80
Q

True or false: All treatments, even effective ones have placebo components even psychotherapy

A

True

81
Q

True or false: Placebo effects are not real, only in the mind

A

False

82
Q

Placebo effects can

A

Activate the immune system, alter the stress response system, stimulate the release of endorphins,and can be seen on brain scans

83
Q

What effects the effect of placebos

A

Provider behavior if provider strongly believes in the treatment, patient characteristics, and situational determinates

84
Q

Private, fee for-service care

A

Private physicians paid directly on a visit-by-visit basis

85
Q

HMO- health maintenance organization

A

Prepaid financing and delivery system

86
Q

Preferred-providers organization (PPOs)

A

A network of affiliated practitioners have agreed to charge, pre established rates for for services, and enrollees in choosing from these practitioners when seeking treatment.

Health psychology final (1 decks)

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