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Semester 3 - me > Health Psych > Flashcards

Health Psych Flashcards

0
Q

What is the bio-psycho-social model?

A

Biological
Psychological
And social aspects of a disease all interlink

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1
Q

What is the biomedical model?

A

Bio and physiological model that is outdated now

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2
Q

Define a stereotype

A

This is a social schemata which is where you judge people based on their social group

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3
Q

What is the function of stereotypes?

A

It saves processing power in our brains and anticipates how people will behave

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4
Q

What are the benefits of social groups?

A

They give us support
A sense of identity
Builds self esteem

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5
Q

Define prejudice

A

When you make assumptions of people based on their stereotype

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6
Q

Define discrimination

A

When you act upon the stereotype and prejudice

You behave differently with people from different stereotypes

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7
Q

Give some examples of discrimination based upon stereotypes

A

Wittenbank 2004 found that police were more likely to be discriminative based upon ethnicity on which suspects they decided to shoot

Cooper et al 2012 found doctor patient communication was likely to differ based upon ethnicity

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8
Q

When are we more likely to rely on stereotypes?

A

Tired
Under pressure
On a time limit

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9
Q

Name some ageist stereotypes

A

Old people forget more with age
Old people are unlikely to be able to deal with change
Intellectual deterioration is the norm

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10
Q

Explain shaie and Willis’ theory about human lifespan

A 
5 areas need to be considered with age:
Verbal reasoning 
Inductive reasoning 
Verbal fluency
Numeracy
Spatial orientation 
Decline in these does not occur all at the same time
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11
Q

What is the characteristic that decreases the most with age?

A

Processing power

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12
Q

Explain the developmental model of personality and ageing

A

Life stages:
Young - loneliness vs intimacy
Middle - generation vs stagnation
Old - integrity vs despair

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13
Q

Explain the trait model of personality

A

Different traits change with age

Longitudinal studies however suggest that traits stay stable with age

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14
Q

Why might people use alcohol and drugs?

A 
Pleasure
Entertainment
Peer pressure
Relief
Forget
Social
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15
Q

How many people roughly in the uk have a problem with drug abuse?

A

Around half a million people

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16
Q

Give the numbers of deaths per year for:

Tobacco/Ecstasy/Solvents/Cocaine/Amphetamines/Opiates

A 
Tobacco: 114,000
Ecstasy: 50
Solvents: 50
Cocaine: 150
Amphetamines: 80
Opiates: 900
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17
Q

What percentage of the uk population consume alcohol?

A

> 90%

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18
Q

How much is the uk alcohol market?

A

£30 billion

Generates 1 million jobs

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19
Q

How much of the population:
Drink sensibly
Drink hazardously or harmfully?

A

67%

24%

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20
Q

What can drinking lead to?

A

Medical problems
Mental conditions
Social problems
Behavioural problems

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21
Q

Define hazardous drinking

A

Drinking over sensible limits but they do not show signs of harmful behaviour

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22
Q

Define harmful drinking

A

Drinking outside of sensible limits and showing clear evidence of harm

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23
Q

Define moderate dependence

A

Drinkers who have moderate dependence but they can get rehab in the community

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24
Q

Define severe dependence

A

Severe dependence where you may need hospital treatment and experience severe withdrawal symptoms

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25
Q

What does CAGE stand for?

A

Cutting down
Annoyed
Guilt
Eye opener

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26
Q

What does AUDIT stand for?

A

Alcohol use disorder identification kit

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27
Q

What does fast stand for?

A

Fast alcohol screening test

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28
Q

What does PAT stand for?

A

Paddington alcohol test

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29
Q

Name some treatments of withdrawal of alcohol

A 
Vitamin b complex
Diazepam
Disulfiram 
Librium
Zopiclone
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30
Q

What do you end to monitor for acute intoxication?

A 
Glucose 
THIAZIDE
Fluid
Vitamin b
Electrolytes
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31
Q

Define compliance

A

The extent to which a patient conforms with medical advice

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32
Q

Define adherence

A

The extent to which a patients behaviour coincides with medical advise

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33
Q

Why do patients not adhere?

A 
Not severe enough
Uninformed
Expense
Stigma
Bad patient dr relationship
Health belief 
Side effects
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34
Q

What implications are there for non adherence?

A

Massive health care costs

Mortality

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35
Q

Give some evidence of non compliance

A

DeMattio 2004 found that 20.6% of patients don’t adhere to treatment
Horne 89 found that 50% chronically ill patients don’t adhere
Rovelli 89 found that there was a mortality or rejection in 91% of patients that didn’t adhere in organ transplants and 18% of patients who did adhere

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36
Q

Which patients have the highest adherence?

A

HIV
GI
Arthritis
Cancer

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37
Q

Which patients have the lowest adherence?

A

Diabetes
Pulmonary
Sleep disorders

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38
Q

How can you monitor compliance directly?

A

Blood
Urine
Direct observation

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39
Q

How do you manage compliance indirectly?

A

Pill counts
Self report
Doctors reports
Time opening pill containers

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40
Q

Explain classical conditioning

A

Where someone is conditioned to do something by association with a certain stimulus
Eg pavlov’s dogs

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41
Q

What in terms of medicine can classical conditioning be related to?

A

Phobias

Leukaemia treatment - hospitals and sickness, treatment and sickness

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42
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Where you learn by reward and punishment

43
Q

Where in medicine can you use operant conditioning?

A

Children with learning difficulties

44
Q

What are the limitations on classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

Based on simple associations
No account of social context
No account of cognitive processes

45
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Where you learn by observation

Banduras bobo doll theory

46
Q

How can you incorporate social learning theory into medicine?

A

Positive role models, patient support groups

47
Q

How can you incorporate social cognition models into medicine?

A

Provide health info

48
Q

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

A

Where you have discomfort about inconsistent health beliefs or actions and events don’t match beliefs

49
Q

Explain the health belief model by Becker 74

A

Person will take a health relate action if:

  • a negative health condition can be avoided
  • they have a positive expectation that by taking recommended action they can avoid a negative health condition
  • they believe they can successfully take a recommended action
50
Q

What are the beliefs about health threats?

A

Perceived severity

Perceived susceptibility

51
Q

What are the beliefs about health related behaviour?

A

Perceived benefits

Perceived barriers

52
Q

What are the limitations of health belief model?

A

Emotional factors are not considered

Incomplete theory

53
Q

What is the stages of change model?

A

5 stages in which you need to go through to change a behaviour
Pre contemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, relapse
The way people think about behaviours and their willingness to act upon them

54
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Theory that links health beliefs and behaviour
States that the subjective norms (intention to comply, normative beliefs), control (individual control, barriers) and attitudes toward behaviour (beliefs about outcomes, evaluation of outcomes) lead to intention and behaviour

55
Q

In which 3 ways can you view stress?

A

Stress on the inside
Stress on the outside
Stress as a process

56
Q

What happens to your immune system with short term stress?

A

It increases and boosts due to the fight or flight response

Seyle rats

57
Q

What happens to your immune system in long term stress?

A

It decreases

58
Q

What are the pros and cons of thinking as stress as a biological response?

A

Shows the effects of stress on health
Does not think about individual differences
It’s not a complete explanation
Assumes all stressors produce the same response

59
Q

How can you view stress from the outside?

A

Horne and Rahe stressful life events

Daily stressors

60
Q

What are the pros and cons of stress on the outside?

A

Objective way
Evidence shows a link between stressors with mortality
Recall bias
Individual differences

61
Q

What is the transactional model of stress?

A

Lazarus and folkman 84
Stressor+resources -> appraisal (1-is it a threat 2- can I cope?)
-> response -> reevaluation

62
Q

What influences how stressed a person gets?

A

Resources, stressed already, perception, personality, coping strategies

63
Q

What are the pros and cons of transactional model?

A

It accounts for variation
Social and psychological considered
Suggests ways people manage stress
It cannot be proven

64
Q

What did cox et al 83 conclude?

A

4 ways stress influences health

  • psychological
  • immune system
  • coping
  • negative impact on mental health
65
Q

What are the effects of stress on cvs?

A 
Stress increases cvs activity
High BP
High hr
Risk of stress 
Atherosclerosis
MI
66
Q

What did schiefer et al 93?

A

Decrease WBC after loss of a spouse

67
Q

What did Cohen and Herbert find?

A

Stress increases upper respiratory tract infections, herpes, MS

68
Q

What unhealthy behaviours are associated with stress?

A

Eating drinking smoking drugs decreased exercise

69
Q

What did beck 76 find?

A

Learned helplessness

70
Q

What are the physical symptoms of stress?

A

Headache dizzy dry mouth
Sweating anger sleep problems
Chest pain depression

71
Q

What management strategies can be used for stress?

A 
Cognitive
Behavioural
Emotional
Physical
Non cognitive
72
Q

What did graham et al find? 2001

A

That doctors who lead a healthy lifestyle were less likely to have poor mental health compared to those who did not have a a balanced lifestyle

73
Q

What did firth 1986 and vitaliano 89 find?

A

Doctors develop mail adaptive coping strategies at med school such as anxiety and depression compared to other students

74
Q

What do patients have to cope with?

A 
Diagnosis
Physical impact
Stigma
Treatment
Hospitalisation 
Adjustment
75
Q

How can you aid coping?

A 
Increase social support
Increase personal control
Improve doctor patient relationship
Preparation for stress
Stress management
76
Q

What are the outcomes of successful coping?

A

Tolerating
Reducing threats
Maintaining positive self image
Continuing satisfying relationships

77
Q

When is there a higher risk of depression?

A

Severity- moody et al
Pain and disability - Wilson et al
Other negative life events
Lack of social support

78
Q

What illnesses is anxiety most common with?

A

Heart disease, stroke and cancer (Clarke and curne 2009)

79
Q

When is depression more common and by how much? (Nice 2011)

A

2-3 more common with chronic illness

80
Q

How can you manage depression?

A

CBT

antidepressants

81
Q

How can you manage anxiety?

A

CBT
Valium
Medication

82
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

John bowlby
Based on harlows monkeys
Attachment functions to maintain proximity to their primary care giver, proximity and contact seeking

83
Q

When is the first social smile?

A

6 weeks

84
Q

What behaviours occur when the attachment figure is absent?

A 
Anxiety
Depression
Bed wetting
Aggression 
Detachment
85
Q

What are the 3 stages of hospitalisation?

A 
Protest 
Despair 
Detachment
Feel abandoned
Limited ability to understand
86
Q

What are the implications on health of hospitalisation on children?

A

Adherence to treatment
Anxiety can increase pain levels
Adverse effects of stress

87
Q

What are the limitations of attachment theory?

A

Too simplistic
Overly focuses on mothers
Multiple attachment figures?

88
Q

What is the definitional framework for psychological therapies (parry 96)

A

Type A - psychological treatment as an integral part of mental health care
Type B - eclectic psychological therapy and counselling
Type C - formal psychotherapies

89
Q

What is type C in parrys psychological therapies?

A

CBT
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapies
Systemic and family therapy

90
Q

What does CBT do?

A

Relieves symptoms by changing maladaptive thoughts beliefs and behaviour

91
Q

Explain the behaviour aspect of CBT

A

Graded exposure to feared situations
Activity scheduling
Reinforcement and reward
Role playing/modelling

92
Q

Explain the cognitive aspect of CBT

A

Education
Monitoring thoughts, behaviour, feelings, context
Examining/challenging negative thoughts
Behavioural experiments
Cognitive rehearsal of coping with difficult situations

93
Q

When can CBT be used?

A 
Depression
Anxiety
Sexual dysfunction
Eating disorders
Psychotic symptoms
94
Q

What evidence is there for CBT

A

Anorexia is resistant
Bulimia has a 50% patient benefit rate
Distracts patients from symptoms and alters beliefs
Less impact on negative symptoms

95
Q

What patients is CBT suitable for?

A

Patients who want to be active
Patients who are willing to keep a homework diary
Those who can emphasise thoughts and feelings
Those who can articulate problems, seek solution and wish to be happy

96
Q

What are the limitations of CBT?

A

Findings of efficacy skewed
Challenge for routine practise
Problems are complex and diffuse

97
Q

What are psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories?

A

Focal id conflicts arising from early experiences that are re-enhanced in adult life
Use relationship with therapist to resolve
Long term allows this unconscious conflicts to be re enacted and interpreted by therapist
Therapy explores feelings
Attempts to enhance insight of difficulties and help incorporate painful previous experiences

98
Q

What are psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies suitable for?

A

Interpersonal difficulties and personality problems
Capacity to tolerate mental pain
Interest in self exploration

99
Q

What is systemic and family therapy?

A

Individuals/couples/families focus on relational context address patterns of interaction and meaning
Aim to facilitate resources within the system as a whole

100
Q

What is humanistic or client centred therapy?

A

Relies on general counselling skills

Can help with coping with immediate crisis

101
Q

What is humanistic/client centered therapy used for?

A 
Mild or moderate difficulties related to 
Life events
Sub clinical depression
Mild anxiety/stress
Martial or relationship difficulties
102
Q

What is the negative cognitive triad?

A

Negative view of self
Negative view of world
Negative view of future

103
Q

What are the core beliefs of the negative triad?

A 
Love - I'm unloveable
Ability - I'm incompetent 
Moral qualities - I'm evil
Normality - I'm a freak
General worth - I'm worthless
104
Q

What are the attitudes and assumptions of the cognitive triad?

A

I must be loved by everyone
Either I am 100% successful or a total flop
My value as a person depends on what others think of me
I should always be a nice person
If people disagree with me then it means I am no good
I should be able to do everything to ask for help is weak

105
Q

What are the common healing factors (frank et al 93)

A

An emotionally charged confiding relationship
A healing setting
A rational myth that explains symptoms and suggests a way forward
A ritual or procedure requiring the active participation of the therapist and the patient
Combating the patients sense of alienation
Inspiring the patients expectation of help
Providing new learning experiences
Arousing emotions
Enhancing a sense of mastery of self efficacy
Providing opportunities to practise

Semester 3 - me (8 decks)

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