Health Psych Flashcards
0
Q
What is the bio-psycho-social model?
A
Biological
Psychological
And social aspects of a disease all interlink
1
Q
What is the biomedical model?
A
Bio and physiological model that is outdated now
2
Q
Define a stereotype
A
This is a social schemata which is where you judge people based on their social group
3
Q
What is the function of stereotypes?
A
It saves processing power in our brains and anticipates how people will behave
4
Q
What are the benefits of social groups?
A
They give us support
A sense of identity
Builds self esteem
5
Q
Define prejudice
A
When you make assumptions of people based on their stereotype
6
Q
Define discrimination
A
When you act upon the stereotype and prejudice
You behave differently with people from different stereotypes
7
Q
Give some examples of discrimination based upon stereotypes
A
Wittenbank 2004 found that police were more likely to be discriminative based upon ethnicity on which suspects they decided to shoot
Cooper et al 2012 found doctor patient communication was likely to differ based upon ethnicity
8
Q
When are we more likely to rely on stereotypes?
A
Tired
Under pressure
On a time limit
9
Q
Name some ageist stereotypes
A
Old people forget more with age
Old people are unlikely to be able to deal with change
Intellectual deterioration is the norm
10
Q
Explain shaie and Willis’ theory about human lifespan
A
5 areas need to be considered with age: Verbal reasoning Inductive reasoning Verbal fluency Numeracy Spatial orientation Decline in these does not occur all at the same time
11
Q
What is the characteristic that decreases the most with age?
A
Processing power
12
Q
Explain the developmental model of personality and ageing
A
Life stages:
Young - loneliness vs intimacy
Middle - generation vs stagnation
Old - integrity vs despair
13
Q
Explain the trait model of personality
A
Different traits change with age
Longitudinal studies however suggest that traits stay stable with age
14
Q
Why might people use alcohol and drugs?
A
Pleasure Entertainment Peer pressure Relief Forget Social
15
Q
How many people roughly in the uk have a problem with drug abuse?
A
Around half a million people
16
Q
Give the numbers of deaths per year for:
Tobacco/Ecstasy/Solvents/Cocaine/Amphetamines/Opiates
A
Tobacco: 114,000 Ecstasy: 50 Solvents: 50 Cocaine: 150 Amphetamines: 80 Opiates: 900
17
Q
What percentage of the uk population consume alcohol?
A
> 90%
18
Q
How much is the uk alcohol market?
A
£30 billion
Generates 1 million jobs
19
Q
How much of the population:
Drink sensibly
Drink hazardously or harmfully?
A
67%
24%
20
Q
What can drinking lead to?
A
Medical problems
Mental conditions
Social problems
Behavioural problems
21
Q
Define hazardous drinking
A
Drinking over sensible limits but they do not show signs of harmful behaviour
22
Q
Define harmful drinking
A
Drinking outside of sensible limits and showing clear evidence of harm
23
Q
Define moderate dependence
A
Drinkers who have moderate dependence but they can get rehab in the community
24
Define severe dependence
Severe dependence where you may need hospital treatment and experience severe withdrawal symptoms
25
What does CAGE stand for?
Cutting down
Annoyed
Guilt
Eye opener
26
What does AUDIT stand for?
Alcohol use disorder identification kit
27
What does fast stand for?
Fast alcohol screening test
28
What does PAT stand for?
Paddington alcohol test
29
Name some treatments of withdrawal of alcohol
```
Vitamin b complex
Diazepam
Disulfiram
Librium
Zopiclone
```
30
What do you end to monitor for acute intoxication?
```
Glucose
THIAZIDE
Fluid
Vitamin b
Electrolytes
```
31
Define compliance
The extent to which a patient conforms with medical advice
32
Define adherence
The extent to which a patients behaviour coincides with medical advise
33
Why do patients not adhere?
```
Not severe enough
Uninformed
Expense
Stigma
Bad patient dr relationship
Health belief
Side effects
```
34
What implications are there for non adherence?
Massive health care costs
| Mortality
35
Give some evidence of non compliance
DeMattio 2004 found that 20.6% of patients don't adhere to treatment
Horne 89 found that 50% chronically ill patients don't adhere
Rovelli 89 found that there was a mortality or rejection in 91% of patients that didn't adhere in organ transplants and 18% of patients who did adhere
36
Which patients have the highest adherence?
HIV
GI
Arthritis
Cancer
37
Which patients have the lowest adherence?
Diabetes
Pulmonary
Sleep disorders
38
How can you monitor compliance directly?
Blood
Urine
Direct observation
39
How do you manage compliance indirectly?
Pill counts
Self report
Doctors reports
Time opening pill containers
40
Explain classical conditioning
Where someone is conditioned to do something by association with a certain stimulus
Eg pavlov's dogs
41
What in terms of medicine can classical conditioning be related to?
Phobias
| Leukaemia treatment - hospitals and sickness, treatment and sickness
42
What is operant conditioning?
Where you learn by reward and punishment
43
Where in medicine can you use operant conditioning?
Children with learning difficulties
44
What are the limitations on classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Based on simple associations
No account of social context
No account of cognitive processes
45
What is social learning theory?
Where you learn by observation
| Banduras bobo doll theory
46
How can you incorporate social learning theory into medicine?
Positive role models, patient support groups
47
How can you incorporate social cognition models into medicine?
Provide health info
48
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
Where you have discomfort about inconsistent health beliefs or actions and events don't match beliefs
49
Explain the health belief model by Becker 74
Person will take a health relate action if:
- a negative health condition can be avoided
- they have a positive expectation that by taking recommended action they can avoid a negative health condition
- they believe they can successfully take a recommended action
50
What are the beliefs about health threats?
Perceived severity
| Perceived susceptibility
51
What are the beliefs about health related behaviour?
Perceived benefits
| Perceived barriers
52
What are the limitations of health belief model?
Emotional factors are not considered
| Incomplete theory
53
What is the stages of change model?
5 stages in which you need to go through to change a behaviour
Pre contemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, relapse
The way people think about behaviours and their willingness to act upon them
54
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Theory that links health beliefs and behaviour
States that the subjective norms (intention to comply, normative beliefs), control (individual control, barriers) and attitudes toward behaviour (beliefs about outcomes, evaluation of outcomes) lead to intention and behaviour
55
In which 3 ways can you view stress?
Stress on the inside
Stress on the outside
Stress as a process
56
What happens to your immune system with short term stress?
It increases and boosts due to the fight or flight response
| Seyle rats
57
What happens to your immune system in long term stress?
It decreases
58
What are the pros and cons of thinking as stress as a biological response?
Shows the effects of stress on health
Does not think about individual differences
It's not a complete explanation
Assumes all stressors produce the same response
59
How can you view stress from the outside?
Horne and Rahe stressful life events
| Daily stressors
60
What are the pros and cons of stress on the outside?
Objective way
Evidence shows a link between stressors with mortality
Recall bias
Individual differences
61
What is the transactional model of stress?
Lazarus and folkman 84
Stressor+resources -> appraisal (1-is it a threat 2- can I cope?)
-> response -> reevaluation
62
What influences how stressed a person gets?
Resources, stressed already, perception, personality, coping strategies
63
What are the pros and cons of transactional model?
It accounts for variation
Social and psychological considered
Suggests ways people manage stress
It cannot be proven
64
What did cox et al 83 conclude?
4 ways stress influences health
- psychological
- immune system
- coping
- negative impact on mental health
65
What are the effects of stress on cvs?
```
Stress increases cvs activity
High BP
High hr
Risk of stress
Atherosclerosis
MI
```
66
What did schiefer et al 93?
Decrease WBC after loss of a spouse
67
What did Cohen and Herbert find?
Stress increases upper respiratory tract infections, herpes, MS
68
What unhealthy behaviours are associated with stress?
Eating drinking smoking drugs decreased exercise
69
What did beck 76 find?
Learned helplessness
70
What are the physical symptoms of stress?
Headache dizzy dry mouth
Sweating anger sleep problems
Chest pain depression
71
What management strategies can be used for stress?
```
Cognitive
Behavioural
Emotional
Physical
Non cognitive
```
72
What did graham et al find? 2001
That doctors who lead a healthy lifestyle were less likely to have poor mental health compared to those who did not have a a balanced lifestyle
73
What did firth 1986 and vitaliano 89 find?
Doctors develop mail adaptive coping strategies at med school such as anxiety and depression compared to other students
74
What do patients have to cope with?
```
Diagnosis
Physical impact
Stigma
Treatment
Hospitalisation
Adjustment
```
75
How can you aid coping?
```
Increase social support
Increase personal control
Improve doctor patient relationship
Preparation for stress
Stress management
```
76
What are the outcomes of successful coping?
Tolerating
Reducing threats
Maintaining positive self image
Continuing satisfying relationships
77
When is there a higher risk of depression?
Severity- moody et al
Pain and disability - Wilson et al
Other negative life events
Lack of social support
78
What illnesses is anxiety most common with?
Heart disease, stroke and cancer (Clarke and curne 2009)
79
When is depression more common and by how much? (Nice 2011)
2-3 more common with chronic illness
80
How can you manage depression?
CBT
| antidepressants
81
How can you manage anxiety?
CBT
Valium
Medication
82
What is attachment theory?
John bowlby
Based on harlows monkeys
Attachment functions to maintain proximity to their primary care giver, proximity and contact seeking
83
When is the first social smile?
6 weeks
84
What behaviours occur when the attachment figure is absent?
```
Anxiety
Depression
Bed wetting
Aggression
Detachment
```
85
What are the 3 stages of hospitalisation?
```
Protest
Despair
Detachment
Feel abandoned
Limited ability to understand
```
86
What are the implications on health of hospitalisation on children?
Adherence to treatment
Anxiety can increase pain levels
Adverse effects of stress
87
What are the limitations of attachment theory?
Too simplistic
Overly focuses on mothers
Multiple attachment figures?
88
What is the definitional framework for psychological therapies (parry 96)
Type A - psychological treatment as an integral part of mental health care
Type B - eclectic psychological therapy and counselling
Type C - formal psychotherapies
89
What is type C in parrys psychological therapies?
CBT
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapies
Systemic and family therapy
90
What does CBT do?
Relieves symptoms by changing maladaptive thoughts beliefs and behaviour
91
Explain the behaviour aspect of CBT
Graded exposure to feared situations
Activity scheduling
Reinforcement and reward
Role playing/modelling
92
Explain the cognitive aspect of CBT
Education
Monitoring thoughts, behaviour, feelings, context
Examining/challenging negative thoughts
Behavioural experiments
Cognitive rehearsal of coping with difficult situations
93
When can CBT be used?
```
Depression
Anxiety
Sexual dysfunction
Eating disorders
Psychotic symptoms
```
94
What evidence is there for CBT
Anorexia is resistant
Bulimia has a 50% patient benefit rate
Distracts patients from symptoms and alters beliefs
Less impact on negative symptoms
95
What patients is CBT suitable for?
Patients who want to be active
Patients who are willing to keep a homework diary
Those who can emphasise thoughts and feelings
Those who can articulate problems, seek solution and wish to be happy
96
What are the limitations of CBT?
Findings of efficacy skewed
Challenge for routine practise
Problems are complex and diffuse
97
What are psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theories?
Focal id conflicts arising from early experiences that are re-enhanced in adult life
Use relationship with therapist to resolve
Long term allows this unconscious conflicts to be re enacted and interpreted by therapist
Therapy explores feelings
Attempts to enhance insight of difficulties and help incorporate painful previous experiences
98
What are psychoanalytic or psychodynamic therapies suitable for?
Interpersonal difficulties and personality problems
Capacity to tolerate mental pain
Interest in self exploration
99
What is systemic and family therapy?
Individuals/couples/families focus on relational context address patterns of interaction and meaning
Aim to facilitate resources within the system as a whole
100
What is humanistic or client centred therapy?
Relies on general counselling skills
| Can help with coping with immediate crisis
101
What is humanistic/client centered therapy used for?
```
Mild or moderate difficulties related to
Life events
Sub clinical depression
Mild anxiety/stress
Martial or relationship difficulties
```
102
What is the negative cognitive triad?
Negative view of self
Negative view of world
Negative view of future
103
What are the core beliefs of the negative triad?
```
Love - I'm unloveable
Ability - I'm incompetent
Moral qualities - I'm evil
Normality - I'm a freak
General worth - I'm worthless
```
104
What are the attitudes and assumptions of the cognitive triad?
I must be loved by everyone
Either I am 100% successful or a total flop
My value as a person depends on what others think of me
I should always be a nice person
If people disagree with me then it means I am no good
I should be able to do everything to ask for help is weak
105
What are the common healing factors (frank et al 93)
An emotionally charged confiding relationship
A healing setting
A rational myth that explains symptoms and suggests a way forward
A ritual or procedure requiring the active participation of the therapist and the patient
Combating the patients sense of alienation
Inspiring the patients expectation of help
Providing new learning experiences
Arousing emotions
Enhancing a sense of mastery of self efficacy
Providing opportunities to practise
