Health Protection

Question 1

chain of infection

Answer 1

1. reservoir
2. portal of exit
3. agent
4. mode of transmission
5. portal of entry
6. host
7. person to person spread
8. cycle continues

Question 2

what are the types of transmission of infection?

Answer 2

1. direct
2. indirect
3. airborne (respiratory route - TB, salmonella)

Question 3

what are the types of direct transmission?

Answer 3

1. direct - STIs

2. faeco-oral - Viral GE

Question 4

what are the types of indirect transmission?

Answer 4

1. vector borne - malaria, dengue

2. vehicle borne (contaminated medical equipment) - viral GE, Hep B

Question 5

what is an incubation period?

Answer 5

time between when you pick up the germ and show symptoms?

Question 6

what is a latent period?

Answer 6

when a person is infected but does not show symptoms

Question 7

what is the infectious period?

Answer 7

when a person is infected and shows symptoms of the disease

Question 8

how can you differentiate between bacterial and viral causes?

Answer 8

viral/toxin causes - immediate onset

bacterial - onset 1-2 days after being infected

Question 9

what is an epidemic?

Answer 9

serious outbreak in a single community, population or region

Question 10

what is a pandemic?

Answer 10

epidemic spreading around the world affecting hundreds of thousands of people, across many countries

Question 11

which infectious diseases are notifiable?

Answer 11

anthrax, cholera, dysenty, leprosy, malaria, acute encephalitis, scarlet fever, viral Hepatits, opthalma neonatorum, typhoid, smallpox, ebola

Question 12

what are the vaccine preventable notifiable diseases?

Answer 12

avute poliomyelitis
diphtheria
measles
meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia
mumps
rubella
tetanus 
whooping cough

Question 13

which strain of influenza is the most dangerous and why?

Answer 13

influenza A

very unstable, mutates very frequently. invades immune system???

Question 14

what is antigenic shift?

Answer 14

when gene swapping occurs and causes re-assortment of antigens

Question 15

what are the types of influenza?

Answer 15

1. seasonal influenza
2. avian influenza (bird flu)
3. swine flu
4. pandemic influenza

Question 16

what are the effects of pandemic flu?

Answer 16

1. high morbidity
2. excess morbidity
3. social disruption
4. economic disruption

Question 17

how can bird flu be controlled?

Answer 17

1. cull affected birds
2. biosecurity and quarantine
3. disinfecting farms
4. control poultry movement
5. vaccinate workers
6. antivirals for poultry workers
7. personal protective equipment
8. try to reduce chance of co-infection

Question 18

how is the containment phase of swine flu managed?

Answer 18

1. identify cases
2. treat cases
3. contact tracing - family, airline passengers
4. large scale prophylaxis

Question 19

how is the treatment phase of swine flu managed?

Answer 19

treat cases only

national flu pandemic fever

Question 20

how is infection controlled?

Answer 20

hand hygiene, cough etiquette
PPE
segregation of patients
flu surgeries 
environmental cleaning