Health Promotions Classes 1-3 Flashcards
Behavioral Capability
A person’s actual ability to perform a behavior through essential knowledge and skills. In order to successfully perform a behavior, a person must know what to do and how to do it. People learn from the consequences of their behavior, which also affects the environment in which they live.
Challenges in health promotion
- ethics
- trust
- gatekeepers
- perceptions that differ from reality, etc.
Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)
- Used in many disciplines starting in psychology
- The theory that behavior is a function of the interaction between a person’s expectations about the outcomes of actions and the value they place on those outcomes.
- Example: A person might take vitamins because they believe that vitamins are good for their health and they also value good health.
Expectations
The anticipated consequences of a person’s behavior. People anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in the behavior, and these anticipated consequences can influence successful completion of the behavior.
Expectations derive largely from previous experience. While expectancies also derive from previous experience, expectancies focus on the value that is placed on the outcome and are subjective to the individual.
Key parts of SCT
- Reciprocal determinism
- Reinforcements
- Observational Learning
- Behavioral Capability
- Expectations
- Self-Efficacy
Observational Learning
Asserts that people can witness and observe a behavior conducted by others, and then reproduce those actions.
In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.
Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:
1. A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.
- A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
- A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.
Reciprocal determinism
A model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. Essentially, Bandura believes that an individual’s behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics.
Reinforcements
The internal or external responses to a person’s behavior that affect the likelihood of continuing or discontinuing the behavior. Reinforcements can be positive, negative, self-initiated or in the environment.
Self-Efficacy
Refers to the level of a person’s confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
The theory suggests that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.
It’s roots are from Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960’s by Dr. Albert Bandura.It was refined and further developed by Bandura into the SCT we know in 1986. Used Bobo doll to test theory
Theoretical Roots of Health Promotion
- Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)
2. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
Commonly used Health Behavior Theories and Models
- Health Belief Model
- Social Cognitive Theory/Social Learning Theory
- Transtheoretical Stages of Change
- Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Theory
- Self Efficacy Theory
- Social Support and Social Networks Theory
- Community Organization Theory
- Social Marketing (Social Capital) Theory
- Attribution Theory
- Diffusion of Innovations Theory
- Stress & Coping Theory
- Patient- Provider Interaction Model
- Ecological Model/Social Ecology Model
What Are Ethics
- Broadly speaking health care ethics, sometimes called medical or bioethics, are a core set of principles guided by morals, beliefs and values.
- These ethics make us human and civilized and help us to navigate through some simple and not so simple choices about medical care
- Biomedical or healthcare ethics enable us to address our core beliefs and sense of right and wrong and establish or uphold what rights others have and what responsibilities or duties we must uphold on behalf of other people regardless of their status in life, socioeconomic, race, ethnicity creed, including sexual orientation (LGBT-Q)
Payer Mix
The buckets of money that insurance companies can look to in order to pay for service:
1. Private Pay Patients
2. Insured Patients
3. Medicare
- Must be over 65
4. Medicaid
- Must be below poverty live (or under 150% of
poverty line depending on state)
5. Private Insurance
6. Uninsured Patients
- Many of these patients are unable or unwilling
to pay their entire medical bill
7. Bad Debt
- Uninsured patient that is unable or unwilling to
pay their bill at all
8. Charity
- Hospital agrees upfront to provide free care for
a specified period of time or specific number of
treatments/procedures
Health Belief Model
People will be more likely to adopt a preventive health behavior if:
- the disease in question is severe
- they believe they are susceptible to it
- the benefits of action will outweigh any costs
- a prompt or cue to action is provided
Transtheoretical Stages of Change
The Transtheoretical Model is an integrative, biopsychosocial model to conceptualize the process of intentional behavior change.
Whereas other models of behavior change focus exclusively on certain dimensions of change (e.g. theories focusing mainly on social or biological influences), the TTM seeks to include and integrate key constructs from other theories into a comprehensive theory of change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings (e.g. treatment settings, prevention and policy-making settings, etc.)—hence, the name Transtheoretical.
Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Theory
The TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation and ability.
It distinguishes between three types of beliefs:
- behavioral - normative - control.
Self Efficacy Theory
the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals
Social Support and Social Networks Theory
Social network theory views social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors.
- Ties form social networks
- The network can also be used to determine the social capital of individual actors.
Social network theory produces an alternate view, where the attributes of individuals are less important than their relationships and ties with other actors within the network.
Social Marketing (Social Capital) Theory
seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other approaches to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good.
Integrates research, best practice, theory, audience and partnership insight, to inform the delivery of competition sensitive and segmented social change programs that are effective, efficient, equitable and sustainable.
Attribution Theory
Concerned with how and why ordinary people explain events as they do.
How does the social perceiver use information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures.
diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the participants in a social system.
Four main elements:
- the innovation itself
- communication channels
- time
- social system.
Stress & Coping Theory
A framework for evaluating the processes of coping with stressful events.
When faced with a stressor, a person evaluates the potential threat (primary appraisal).
-Primary appraisal is a person’s judgment about the significance of an event as stressful, positive, controllable, challenging or irrelevant.
Facing a stressor, the second appraisal follows, which is an assessment of people’s coping resources and options.
- Secondary appraisals address what one can do about the situation.
Actual coping efforts aimed at regulation of the problem give rise to outcomes of the coping process.
Ecological Model/Social Ecology Model
In the ecological model, health status and behavior are the outcomes of interest and viewed as being determined by:
1. Public policy — Local, state, national, and global laws and policies.
2. Relationships among organizations, institutions, and informational networks within defined boundaries. 3. Social institutions with organizational characteristics and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations. 4. Interpersonal processes and primary groups — Formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks. 5. Intrapersonal factors — Characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history.
Planned Belief Theory: Six constructs
The Planned Belief Theory is comprised of six constructs that represent a person’s control over the behavior.
- Attitudes
- Behavioral intention
- Subjective norms
- Social norms
- Perceived power
- Perceived behavioral control
Planned Belief Model: Attitudes
Does the person have a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest.
Planned Belief Model: Behavioral Intention
The motivational factors that influence behavior. The stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely the behavior will be performed.
Planned Belief Model: Subjective Norms
The belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior.
Planned Belief Model: Social Norms
The customary codes of behavior in a group or people or larger cultural context. Social norms are considered normative, or standard, in a group of people.
Planned Belief Model: Perceived Power
The perceived presence of factors that may help or hurt a behavior.
Planned Belief Model: Perceived Behavioral Control
A person’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest.
