Health Promotions Classes 1-3

Question 1

Behavioral Capability

Answer 1

A person’s actual ability to perform a behavior through essential knowledge and skills. In order to successfully perform a behavior, a person must know what to do and how to do it. People learn from the consequences of their behavior, which also affects the environment in which they live.

Question 2

Challenges in health promotion

Answer 2

1. ethics
2. trust
3. gatekeepers
4. perceptions that differ from reality, etc.

Question 3

Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)

Answer 3

1. Used in many disciplines starting in psychology
2. The theory that behavior is a function of the interaction between a person’s expectations about the outcomes of actions and the value they place on those outcomes.
   • Example: A person might take vitamins because they believe that vitamins are good for their health and they also value good health.

Question 4

Expectations

Answer 4

The anticipated consequences of a person’s behavior. People anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in the behavior, and these anticipated consequences can influence successful completion of the behavior.

Expectations derive largely from previous experience. While expectancies also derive from previous experience, expectancies focus on the value that is placed on the outcome and are subjective to the individual.

Question 5

Key parts of SCT

Answer 5

1. Reciprocal determinism
2. Reinforcements
3. Observational Learning
4. Behavioral Capability
5. Expectations
6. Self-Efficacy

Question 6

Observational Learning

Answer 6

Asserts that people can witness and observe a behavior conducted by others, and then reproduce those actions.

In his famous Bobo doll experiment, Bandura demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. The children in Bandura’s studies observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed.

Bandura identified three basic models of observational learning:
1. A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behavior.

2. A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behavior.
3. A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.

Question 7

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 7

A model composed of three factors that influence behavior: the environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. Essentially, Bandura believes that an individual’s behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics.

Question 8

Reinforcements

Answer 8

The internal or external responses to a person’s behavior that affect the likelihood of continuing or discontinuing the behavior. Reinforcements can be positive, negative, self-initiated or in the environment.

Question 9

Self-Efficacy

Answer 9

Refers to the level of a person’s confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior.

Question 10

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

Answer 10

The theory suggests that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior.

It’s roots are from Social Learning Theory (SLT) in the 1960’s by Dr. Albert Bandura.It was refined and further developed by Bandura into the SCT we know in 1986. Used Bobo doll to test theory

Question 11

Theoretical Roots of Health Promotion

Answer 11

1. Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)

2. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

Question 12

Commonly used Health Behavior Theories and Models

Answer 12

1. Health Belief Model
2. Social Cognitive Theory/Social Learning Theory
3. Transtheoretical Stages of Change
4. Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Theory
5. Self Efficacy Theory
6. Social Support and Social Networks Theory
7. Community Organization Theory
8. Social Marketing (Social Capital) Theory
9. Attribution Theory
10. Diffusion of Innovations Theory
11. Stress & Coping Theory
12. Patient- Provider Interaction Model
13. Ecological Model/Social Ecology Model

Question 13

What Are Ethics

Answer 13

1. Broadly speaking health care ethics, sometimes called medical or bioethics, are a core set of principles guided by morals, beliefs and values.
   - These ethics make us human and civilized and help us to navigate through some simple and not so simple choices about medical care
   - Biomedical or healthcare ethics enable us to address our core beliefs and sense of right and wrong and establish or uphold what rights others have and what responsibilities or duties we must uphold on behalf of other people regardless of their status in life, socioeconomic, race, ethnicity creed, including sexual orientation (LGBT-Q)

Question 14

Payer Mix

Answer 14

The buckets of money that insurance companies can look to in order to pay for service:
1. Private Pay Patients
2. Insured Patients
3. Medicare
- Must be over 65
4. Medicaid
- Must be below poverty live (or under 150% of
poverty line depending on state)
5. Private Insurance
6. Uninsured Patients
- Many of these patients are unable or unwilling
to pay their entire medical bill
7. Bad Debt
- Uninsured patient that is unable or unwilling to
pay their bill at all
8. Charity
- Hospital agrees upfront to provide free care for
a specified period of time or specific number of
treatments/procedures

Question 15

Health Belief Model

Answer 15

People will be more likely to adopt a preventive health behavior if:

• the disease in question is severe
• they believe they are susceptible to it
• the benefits of action will outweigh any costs
• a prompt or cue to action is provided

Question 16

Transtheoretical Stages of Change

Answer 16

The Transtheoretical Model is an integrative, biopsychosocial model to conceptualize the process of intentional behavior change.

Whereas other models of behavior change focus exclusively on certain dimensions of change (e.g. theories focusing mainly on social or biological influences), the TTM seeks to include and integrate key constructs from other theories into a comprehensive theory of change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings (e.g. treatment settings, prevention and policy-making settings, etc.)—hence, the name Transtheoretical.

Question 17

Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior Theory

Answer 17

The TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both motivation and ability.

It distinguishes between three types of beliefs:

 - behavioral
 - normative
 - control.

Question 18

Self Efficacy Theory

Answer 18

the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals

Question 19

Social Support and Social Networks Theory

Answer 19

Social network theory views social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors.

 - Ties form social networks
      - The network can also be used to determine the social capital of individual actors.

Social network theory produces an alternate view, where the attributes of individuals are less important than their relationships and ties with other actors within the network.

Question 20

Social Marketing (Social Capital) Theory

Answer 20

seeks to develop and integrate marketing concepts with other approaches to influence behaviors that benefit individuals and communities for the greater social good.

Integrates research, best practice, theory, audience and partnership insight, to inform the delivery of competition sensitive and segmented social change programs that are effective, efficient, equitable and sustainable.

Question 21

Attribution Theory

Answer 21

Concerned with how and why ordinary people explain events as they do.

How does the social perceiver use information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment

Question 22

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

Answer 22

a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures.

diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the participants in a social system.

Four main elements:

1. the innovation itself
2. communication channels
3. time
4. social system.

Question 23

Stress & Coping Theory

Answer 23

A framework for evaluating the processes of coping with stressful events.

When faced with a stressor, a person evaluates the potential threat (primary appraisal).
-Primary appraisal is a person’s judgment about the significance of an event as stressful, positive, controllable, challenging or irrelevant.

Facing a stressor, the second appraisal follows, which is an assessment of people’s coping resources and options.
- Secondary appraisals address what one can do about the situation.

Actual coping efforts aimed at regulation of the problem give rise to outcomes of the coping process.

Question 24

Ecological Model/Social Ecology Model

Answer 24

In the ecological model, health status and behavior are the outcomes of interest and viewed as being determined by:
1. Public policy — Local, state, national, and global laws and policies.

2. Relationships among organizations, institutions, and informational networks within defined boundaries.
3. Social institutions with organizational characteristics and formal (and informal) rules and regulations for operations.
4. Interpersonal processes and primary groups — Formal and informal social networks and social support systems, including family, work group, and friendship networks.
5. Intrapersonal factors — Characteristics of the individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, skills, and developmental history.

Question 25

Planned Belief Theory: Six constructs

Answer 25

The Planned Belief Theory is comprised of six constructs that represent a person’s control over the behavior.

1. Attitudes
2. Behavioral intention
3. Subjective norms
4. Social norms
5. Perceived power
6. Perceived behavioral control

Question 26

Planned Belief Model: Attitudes

Answer 26

Does the person have a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest.

Question 27

Planned Belief Model: Behavioral Intention

Answer 27

The motivational factors that influence behavior. The stronger the intention to perform the behavior, the more likely the behavior will be performed.

Question 28

Planned Belief Model: Subjective Norms

Answer 28

The belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior.

Question 29

Planned Belief Model: Social Norms

Answer 29

The customary codes of behavior in a group or people or larger cultural context. Social norms are considered normative, or standard, in a group of people.

Question 30

Planned Belief Model: Perceived Power

Answer 30

The perceived presence of factors that may help or hurt a behavior.

Question 31

Planned Belief Model: Perceived Behavioral Control

Answer 31

A person’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing the behavior of interest.