Health Promotion/NCD Flashcards
NCD risk factors
Combination of environmental/behavioural and genetic risk factors create biological/physiological risk factors that then lead to non-communicable diseases
Environmental risk factors
- Globalisation
- Urbanisation
- Poverty
- Low education
- Stress
Behavioural/modifiable risk factors:
- smoking
- alcohol use
- poor diet
- physical inactivity
Genetic/non-modifiable risk factors:
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Family history
Social determinants of health
WHO definition:
- the circumstances in which people grow, live, work and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. The conditions in which people live and die are, in turn, shaped by political, social and economic forces.
Social inequalities and disadvantage are the main reason for unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes and life expectancy across groups in society.
Key determinants and indicators are:
- socioeconomic status (main indicator is the index of relative socio-economic disadvantage or IRSD which classified people according to the socioeconomic characteristics of the area in which they live based on income, educational attainment and employment, those in the bottom 20% are classified as living in low SES areas).
- housing (owned versus rented)
- early childhood
- social exclusion
- occupation
- unemployment
- social support
- addiction
- nutrition
- transportation
From AIHW: People living in the lowest SES areas are 3.3 times more likely to smoke, 1.6 times more likely to be obese, 1.3 times as likely to be in sufficiently active, 1.2 times more likely to have uncontrolled hypertension. Consistent with this, they are 2.3 times more likely to have COPD, 2.2 times more likely to have diabetes, 1.7 times more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, 1.6 times more likely to have biomedical signs of chronic disease, 1.3 times more likely to have heart, stroke or vascular disease. As a result, they are 1.5 times more likely to die prematurely than those in the highest SES quintile, with males having a shorter lifespan of 6 years and females of 4 years.
