Health Indicators Flashcards
One of the founders of medical statistics
William Farr
The death rate is a fact; anything beyond this is an inference
William Farr
What gets measure gets done
Mason Haire
Author of Modern Organization Theory
Mason Haire
“the state of mental, physical and social well being, and does not merely connote the absence of illness.”
Health
derived from the word heal (hael) which means “whole”, signaling that health concerns the whole person and his or her integrity, or well-being
Health
T/F: health is difficult to both qualify and quantify
T
Uses of health indicators
- Identify public health problems and needs
- Determine factors that contri to causation & control of diseases
- Indicating prio for resource alloc
- Monitoring imple of health programs
- Evaluating outcomes of health prog
A specific ratio in which the numerator is a subset of the denominator: x/(x+y)
Proportion
One number divided by another number: x/y
Ratio
basic measure in disease occurences and vital stats
x*/(x+y)
Rate
Prevalence
health status indicator
incidence
health status indicator
case fatality
mortality indicator
life expectancy at birth
mortality indicator
DALYs lost
mortality indicator
case consulting a health provider
risk reduction indicators
infants exclusively breast-fed for 1st 6 mos
risk reduction indicators
children fully vaccinated
risk reduction indicators
people using treated bednets
risk reduction indicators
the mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of 5 processes
Demography
5 processes of demography
- Fertility
- Mortality
- Migration
- Marriage
- Social mobility
uses of demography
- determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area
- determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population
- establish a “causal relationship”
- predict future developments
sex ratio formula
of males/# of females x 100
The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population.
median age
Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristic
sex structure
Compares the number of males to the number of females
Sex Ratio
Used to gauge whether the population is young or old
median age
age dependency ratio formula
pop 0-14 + pop ≥ 65 yo/pop 15-56 x 100
enables one to explain and describe the demographic trends of the population in the past.
popu pyramid
A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the
population
population pyramid
↑ BR ↑ DR; short life expectancy
stage 1 - expanding
↑ BR ↑ DR; slightly longer life expectancy
stage 2 - expanding
↓ BR ↓ DR; more ppl living to old age
stage 3 - stationary
Quantitative measures
health indicators
↓ BR ↓ DR ↑ dependency ratio; longer life expectancy
stage 4 - contracting
Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population
health indicators
Usually expressed as ratios, proportions or rates
health indicators
cbr formula
of registered livebirths in yr/midyr popu x 1000
Measures how fast people are added to the population
crude birth rate
CBR ≥ 45 l.b./1000 pop/yr
high FR
CBR ≤ 20 l.b./1000 pop/yr
low FR
CDR formula
total deaths in 1 yr/midyr popu x 1000
used to predict the popu growth
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Measures rate at which mortality occurs in a given population
crude death rate
GFR formula
of registered l.b. in a yr/midyr popu 15-44 yo women x 1000
↓ 15 yo
↑ maternal death
↑ 44
↓ prenatal death
cause-of-death rate formula
deaths specific cause/midyr popu x 1000
for determining the leading causes of mortality
cause-of-death rate
A sensitive index of the health conditions of the general population
infant mortality rate
infant mortality rate formula
total deaths < 1 yo/# of l.b. x 1000
poor popu
60-150 deaths per 1000 births per year
severe conditions
≥ 200 deaths per 1000 births per year
< 28 days old
neonatal
28 days old to <1 yo
post-neonatal
28 weeks gestation to 7 days
perinatal
maternal mortality rate formula
pregnancy-related deaths in a yr/# l.b. in the same yr x 1000
a sensitive indicator of the standards of healthcare
swaroop’s index
a special kind of proportionate mortality ratio
swaroop’s index
swaroop formula
deaths ≥ 50 yo in a year/total # of deaths x 100
Developed countries have higher compared to developing
swaroop’s index
how much of the afflicted die from the disease
case fatality rate
the “killing power” of a disease
case fatality rate
the probability of dying of a certain disease
case fatality rate
CFR formula
deaths fue to a disease/ # of cases of disease x 100
Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)
prevalence proportion
Measure the burden of the disease to the community
prevalence proportion
Assess the public health impact of a disease
prevalence proportion
Projection of medical care needs
Proportion with the disease at a point in time
prevalence proportion
“point in time”: calendar time, birth, employment, retirement
prevalence proportion
prevalence prop formula
cases at a point in time/# of persons examined x 1000
Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events
incidence
✔ Evaluate program effectiveness
✔ Associated to RISK = the probability that a person will develop within a specified period of time
incidence
For identifying etiologic factors
incidence
Indicator of trend
incidence
✔ Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time
✔ The average risk of developing the “disease”
Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
CI formula
cases that developed during the period / # of persons followed up x 1000
✔ Rate at which new cases occur
✔ Denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop
incidence density
ID formula
cases that developed during the period / ave. pop x duration of followup or midyr pop x F
the proportion of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval to the total num of deaths from all causes during the same time interval
proportionate mortality rate
shows disease rates in specific popu groups
age, sex, occu, educ, exposure to risk, place of resi, or combinations
specific morbidity rates
an alternative form of the incidence rate that is used of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period
attack rate
measure of burden of disease as present value of future yrs lost as a result of disability (morbi) and premature death (morta). indicator of popu health status
disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
attack rate formula
of ppl who became ill / # of ppl at risk
