health, human rights and intervention Flashcards
give examples of measurements of development
- GDP
- GNI
- HDI
- Happy planet index
- Broadband
- quality of life index
- life expectancy
Give a definition of development
-development is the progress of a country in terms of a range of different factors including economic, social, political and environmental progress.
Highlight Bolivia under Evo Morales
- Morales, member of indigenous group, became president in 2005
- 1st bolivian president to come from its indigenous population
- election followed many years of excluding indigenous people
- previous corruption of political system, high levels of poverty
- Morales began rationalising Bolivias oil and gas industry–> exploitation of resources
- Morales now used increased gov funding for fund public and social projects e.g. to fight poverty
what is UNESCO and what does it promote?
- United nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation
- aims to promote peace, eradicate poverty
- sees education as the main factor of development
what educational problems might a country face which would hinder development
- developing countries–> trapped in poverty cycle. e.g. people unable to send their children to school, required to work and help support the family e.g. work on a farm
- gender inequality e.g. Islamic countries might restrict education for girls
overview of health and life expectancy in the DRC
one of the worlds poorest countries, 3rd lowest GDP per capita in 2014
- one of the richest countries in resources e.g. minerals, oil, however this has been a curse e.g. caused conflict with neighbouring countries
- majority of the population live in state of food insecurity–> high rates of child mortality due to malnutrition
- 40% of children are forced to work rather than go to school
- poor sanitation–> mortality due to disease, high infant and maternal mortality
- LE almost worlds lowest- 56 years
health and life expectancy in Algeria
-GDP per capita has increased by about 30% in last 30 yrs
-life expectancy increased by 16.6 years
-number of years schooling has increased by 4.5 years
-Algerias HDI to become one of the highest in Africa
however:
-still low literacy rates
-rural pop. lack access to safe sanitation
-23% still live in poverty
give examples of case studies to show variations in health and life expectancy in Africa
Algeria and the DRC
give examples of factors that might cause variations in health across the UK
- type of employment e.g. secondary employment tends to be more physically demanding
- diet
- income
- environment e.g. congested city- pollution. Also, areas affected by deindustrialisation e.g. the Glasgow effect
- industrial economies e.g. China- workshop of the world- high pollution in Beijing
highlight a case study for the Aboriginal people in aus
- native, australian indigenous
- LE 20yrs less than white australian
- alcoholism, poverty, violence, poor health
- have been marginalised
- make up 3% of australias population
- often live in remote areas, poor access to services e.g. healthcare
- Infant mortality rates 2x higher
- Close the Gap- aims to improve the lives and representation of Aboriginese in Australia–> govs have worked together to deliver better healthcare, education, saitation etc.
how do human rights improve as a country develops?
-society becomes more equal (link to moderniation theory) e.g. minority groups become better represented
give a definition of human rights
-the undeniable fundamental rights to which a person is entitled- all people regardless of nationality, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or status should have these rights
what are SAPs
-structural adjustment programmes
how are IGOs major players in global development, and why is the work of IGOs often contested?
-focus on free trade, privatisation, globalisation
work often contested:
-cutting health and education spending as part of SAPs–> economic development over social development
-issues with privatisation e.g. exploitation of people and the environment
give some examples of the aims of the MDGs
- eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
- achieve universal primary education
- promote gender equality
- decrease child mortality
- combat disease like HIV and AIDS
- ensure environmental sustainability
what is the IRWM and what does is promote?
- Integrated regional water management
- promotes coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources –> maximise economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems
- The IRWM is becoming of increasing importance, as worlds water resources deplete
what is the UDHR and what does is promote?
- set up as a response to the human rights violations during WWII
- aim of providing a common understanding of the right that all humans are entitled to
- not legally binding
- not signed by all countries
give examples of countries who refused to comply with the UDHR
Saudi Arabia
-differences in views of the Sharia law e.g. lower status of women to men
-in 1990, Islam adopted the Cairo deceleration of human rights–> adapted version of the UDHR, more suited to Islamic laws
The soviet Union
-didn’t sign as believed decleration did not condem Facism and Nazism sufficiently
South Africa
-didn’t sign to protect its system of Apartheid
what is the ECHR and what does it involve
- the european convention of human rights
- all member states include the treaty within their national law
- any human rights case can be heard in the home country, without having to go straight to the EU court
- BREXIT supporters believe this removes national sovereignty, removes state power- implies EU court is more powerful
- e.g. under ECHR law, a murderer sued British courts, arguing that prisoners should be given the right to vote
what is the Geneva convention, and why was it created?
- created in 1864, as a response to increased need for humanitarian protection against rising advances in weapons and military technology
- covers anyone who is a conflict, promotes their rights
- Amnesty report that 141 countries still use torture, including the USA
explain human rights in the UK
- rights are protected by law e.g. a person cannot be imprisonmed without rightful charge
- The 1998 human rights can be used on any UK resident. rights are all based of ECHR–> BREXIT, changes in human rights? Cases will no longer need to be reviewed by the european court
what is ONE programme, Rwanda?
- since the genocide of the Tutsi people in 1994, the UN has been a fundamental partner in the reconstruction of Rwanda
- The ONE UN project, Rwanda has budgeted around 411 million to assist the country in its development
- the UN are criticised for not taking a significant stance against the genocide in 1994
China vs. India in terms of human rights
China
-communist gov
-one party, authoritarian state
-no general elections
-gov is increasingly being questioned
-chinas human rights have been widely critisised e.g. cencorship on the internet, one child policy
-China didn’t officially recognise human rights until 1990
-state is known to have imprisoned and tortures journalists and oppositionists without just cause
India
-worlds largest democracy
-laws include freedom of speech, religion
-India has large media, independent judiciary–> important for successful development
-however, still some human rights issues like violence against religious minorities e.g. 2019 sri Lankan attack against christian churches on easter sunday
-In china, human rights are less focused on because members in power able to dictate decisions- promotion of government authority e.g. opposition punishable by torture or imprisonment
-Indias cast system- Indigenous, lower class and religious minorities are often discriminated against–> strict system of hierarchy. People born into family designated as untouchable- effects livlihoods
what is political corruption?
The abuse of entrusted power for private gain
