health, human rights and intervention

Question 1

give examples of measurements of development

Answer 1

• GDP
• GNI
• HDI
• Happy planet index
• Broadband
• quality of life index
• life expectancy

Question 2

Give a definition of development

Answer 2

-development is the progress of a country in terms of a range of different factors including economic, social, political and environmental progress.

Question 3

Highlight Bolivia under Evo Morales

Answer 3

• Morales, member of indigenous group, became president in 2005
• 1st bolivian president to come from its indigenous population
• election followed many years of excluding indigenous people
• previous corruption of political system, high levels of poverty
• Morales began rationalising Bolivias oil and gas industry–> exploitation of resources
• Morales now used increased gov funding for fund public and social projects e.g. to fight poverty

Question 4

what is UNESCO and what does it promote?

Answer 4

• United nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation
• aims to promote peace, eradicate poverty
• sees education as the main factor of development

Question 5

what educational problems might a country face which would hinder development

Answer 5

• developing countries–> trapped in poverty cycle. e.g. people unable to send their children to school, required to work and help support the family e.g. work on a farm
• gender inequality e.g. Islamic countries might restrict education for girls

Question 6

overview of health and life expectancy in the DRC

Answer 6

one of the worlds poorest countries, 3rd lowest GDP per capita in 2014

• one of the richest countries in resources e.g. minerals, oil, however this has been a curse e.g. caused conflict with neighbouring countries
• majority of the population live in state of food insecurity–> high rates of child mortality due to malnutrition
• 40% of children are forced to work rather than go to school
• poor sanitation–> mortality due to disease, high infant and maternal mortality
• LE almost worlds lowest- 56 years

Question 7

health and life expectancy in Algeria

Answer 7

-GDP per capita has increased by about 30% in last 30 yrs
-life expectancy increased by 16.6 years
-number of years schooling has increased by 4.5 years
-Algerias HDI to become one of the highest in Africa
however:
-still low literacy rates
-rural pop. lack access to safe sanitation
-23% still live in poverty

Question 8

give examples of case studies to show variations in health and life expectancy in Africa

Answer 8

Algeria and the DRC

Question 9

give examples of factors that might cause variations in health across the UK

Answer 9

• type of employment e.g. secondary employment tends to be more physically demanding
• diet
• income
• environment e.g. congested city- pollution. Also, areas affected by deindustrialisation e.g. the Glasgow effect
• industrial economies e.g. China- workshop of the world- high pollution in Beijing

Question 10

highlight a case study for the Aboriginal people in aus

Answer 10

• native, australian indigenous
• LE 20yrs less than white australian
• alcoholism, poverty, violence, poor health
• have been marginalised
• make up 3% of australias population
• often live in remote areas, poor access to services e.g. healthcare
• Infant mortality rates 2x higher
• Close the Gap- aims to improve the lives and representation of Aboriginese in Australia–> govs have worked together to deliver better healthcare, education, saitation etc.

Question 11

how do human rights improve as a country develops?

Answer 11

-society becomes more equal (link to moderniation theory) e.g. minority groups become better represented

Question 12

give a definition of human rights

Answer 12

-the undeniable fundamental rights to which a person is entitled- all people regardless of nationality, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or status should have these rights

Question 13

what are SAPs

Answer 13

-structural adjustment programmes

Question 14

how are IGOs major players in global development, and why is the work of IGOs often contested?

Answer 14

-focus on free trade, privatisation, globalisation
work often contested:
-cutting health and education spending as part of SAPs–> economic development over social development
-issues with privatisation e.g. exploitation of people and the environment

Question 15

give some examples of the aims of the MDGs

Answer 15

• eradication of extreme poverty and hunger
• achieve universal primary education
• promote gender equality
• decrease child mortality
• combat disease like HIV and AIDS
• ensure environmental sustainability

Question 16

what is the IRWM and what does is promote?

Answer 16

• Integrated regional water management
• promotes coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources –> maximise economic and social welfare without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems
• The IRWM is becoming of increasing importance, as worlds water resources deplete

Question 17

what is the UDHR and what does is promote?

Answer 17

• set up as a response to the human rights violations during WWII
• aim of providing a common understanding of the right that all humans are entitled to
• not legally binding
• not signed by all countries

Question 18

give examples of countries who refused to comply with the UDHR

Answer 18

Saudi Arabia
-differences in views of the Sharia law e.g. lower status of women to men
-in 1990, Islam adopted the Cairo deceleration of human rights–> adapted version of the UDHR, more suited to Islamic laws
The soviet Union
-didn’t sign as believed decleration did not condem Facism and Nazism sufficiently
South Africa
-didn’t sign to protect its system of Apartheid

Question 19

what is the ECHR and what does it involve

Answer 19

• the european convention of human rights
• all member states include the treaty within their national law
• any human rights case can be heard in the home country, without having to go straight to the EU court
• BREXIT supporters believe this removes national sovereignty, removes state power- implies EU court is more powerful
• e.g. under ECHR law, a murderer sued British courts, arguing that prisoners should be given the right to vote

Question 20

what is the Geneva convention, and why was it created?

Answer 20

• created in 1864, as a response to increased need for humanitarian protection against rising advances in weapons and military technology
• covers anyone who is a conflict, promotes their rights
• Amnesty report that 141 countries still use torture, including the USA

Question 21

explain human rights in the UK

Answer 21

• rights are protected by law e.g. a person cannot be imprisonmed without rightful charge
• The 1998 human rights can be used on any UK resident. rights are all based of ECHR–> BREXIT, changes in human rights? Cases will no longer need to be reviewed by the european court

Question 22

what is ONE programme, Rwanda?

Answer 22

• since the genocide of the Tutsi people in 1994, the UN has been a fundamental partner in the reconstruction of Rwanda
• The ONE UN project, Rwanda has budgeted around 411 million to assist the country in its development
• the UN are criticised for not taking a significant stance against the genocide in 1994

Question 23

China vs. India in terms of human rights

Answer 23

China
-communist gov
-one party, authoritarian state
-no general elections
-gov is increasingly being questioned
-chinas human rights have been widely critisised e.g. cencorship on the internet, one child policy
-China didn’t officially recognise human rights until 1990
-state is known to have imprisoned and tortures journalists and oppositionists without just cause
India
-worlds largest democracy
-laws include freedom of speech, religion
-India has large media, independent judiciary–> important for successful development
-however, still some human rights issues like violence against religious minorities e.g. 2019 sri Lankan attack against christian churches on easter sunday
-In china, human rights are less focused on because members in power able to dictate decisions- promotion of government authority e.g. opposition punishable by torture or imprisonment
-Indias cast system- Indigenous, lower class and religious minorities are often discriminated against–> strict system of hierarchy. People born into family designated as untouchable- effects livlihoods

Question 24

what is political corruption?

Answer 24

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain

Question 25

What are the three most corrupt countries, according to the corruption index (released in 2016)

Answer 25

Afghanistan, Somalia, N. Korea

Question 26

give an overview of corruption in Somalia and N Korea

Answer 26

Somalia
-a report from the world bank proposed that about 130mil had gone missing from the gov of about 2 yrs
-people in somalia don’t have to pay taxes, but can choose to pay gov. officials to promote their business
N Korea
-people must pay gov. officials if they are looking for a higher paid job
-most countries are moving up in the index, however, 6 billion still live under corrupt governance

Question 27

case study of political corruption in Lebanon

Answer 27

• places 123rd in the corruption perception index for 2015
• country accused of having systematic corruption
• all public offices suffer from corruption–> leads to the vast amounts of public money
• UN report found that over 43% of companies in lebanon always or v.frquently pay bribes
• failed to hold general election in 2013, again the following year–> led to a wave of protests which sometimes were controlled with excessive force

Question 28

progress to the MDGs- gender equality

Answer 28

• about 2/3rds of countries in the developing word have reached gender parity in primary education
• in southern asia, number of boys and girls enrolled in primary school was equal in 2012
• the last election in the US had the highest number of female representatives

Question 29

examples of gender inequality in Australia

Answer 29

• non-indiginous women won the right to vote 60 yrs before ATSI women won the same right
• many women feel they are not protected in relationships
• many claim that there is poor maternal support for working mothers

Question 30

give an example of a country that shows high levels on gender inequality

Answer 30

• central african republic
• one of the most unequal countries in terms of gender
• women generally under-educated, usually illiterate
• 2003- school enrolment for girls was 36% compared to 44% for boys
• 2006- almost 15% women in urban environemnts have been subject to sexual violence
• discriminated against in legal sectors-many unaware of their rights
• 68% of girls married before the age of 18

Question 31

what is the difference between bilateral aid and multilateral aid

Answer 31

Bilateral
-usually gov to gov
-often associated with tied aid
Multilateral aid
-many donors and recipients
-usually given from a country to an international organisation e.g. the world bank
-better form of aid–> more regulation, better transparency

Question 32

what is a trade embargo and give an example of this

Answer 32

-a trade embargo is a gov or international ban that restricts trade with a particular country e.g. in 2011, the UN security council imposed an arms embargo on Libya in response to human rights violations

Question 33

how can military aid help a country?

Answer 33

-can help developing countries protect borders, fight terrosim etc. by providing them with the tools like money, weapons, equipment or expertise

Question 34

what is the difference of direct and indirect action, in terms of military aid

Answer 34

Direct action
-boots on the ground e.g. air strikes
Indirect action
-e.g. providing military and political assistance, with a lack of actual direct involvement in conflict
-e.g. 2017, british personal training Nigerian forces to help them improve their countries security, and fight Islamic militant group

Question 35

why are the reasons of military intervention often contested?

Answer 35

• different perspectives or aims of the organisations or countries involved
• perceived reasons for the intervention e.g. self interests
• UK unis found that overseas intervention into a civil war is 100x more likely if the country involved has oil reserves
• UK criticised for its involvements in Saudi Arabia

Question 36

give a definition of national sovereignty

Answer 36

-the idea that each nation has a right to govern itself without interference from other nations