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PPO Midterm 1 > Health Entrance Tests 1 > Flashcards

Health Entrance Tests 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adnexa

A

Structures around eyes

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2
Q

Palpebral Aperture

A

Distance between open eyelids

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3
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rapid eye movement

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4
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

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5
Q

Leukocoria

A

Abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye

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6
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping or falling of the upper or lower eyelid

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7
Q

Edema

A

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium

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8
Q

Hyperemia

A

An excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body

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9
Q

Hemorrhage

A

The loss of blood or blood escaping from the circulatory system (bleeding)

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10
Q

What is a PD test?

A

Pupillary Distance test. Determines distance between center of each eye.

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11
Q

What is a PD test used for?

A

Place optical center in phoropter / trial lenses and determine the optical center in prescribed glasses

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12
Q

How far away do you sit in front of a patient when performing a PD test?

A

40 cm

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13
Q

What the procedural order of a PD test?

A

Near PD (look at my left eye) then Distance PD (now look at my right eye)

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14
Q

When would you perform a Monocular PD test?

A

When the patient has asymmetrical facial features

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15
Q

How do you record a PD test?

A

Distance PD / Near PD (in mm)

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16
Q

What’s the average PD difference?

A

2 - 4 mm

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17
Q

What does a Visual Field Test measure?

A

The sensitivity of the central and peripheral visual fields

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18
Q

What may VF loss indicate?

A

Peripheral defects: Glaucoma, RP

Central defects: AMD

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19
Q

What is a limitation of the FCF test?

A

Subtle visual field defects will most likely not be found

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20
Q

How far away do you sit away from the patient when performing an FCF test?

A

60 - 80 cm

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21
Q

Where do you put your fingers during an FCF test?

A

Exactly mid-distance between doctor and patient

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22
Q

How do you record a FCF test?

A

Normal: Full
Defects: Restricted

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23
Q

What does a Facial Fields test measure?

A

Static screening test for gross central VF defects

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24
Q

How do you record a Facial Fields test?

A

Normal: Full
Defects: superior paracentral scotoma

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25
Q

How far away should you be from a patient when performing a Bruckner test?

A

80 - 100 cm

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26
Q

What instrument is used during a Bruckner test?

A

Opthalmoscope

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27
Q

What should you adjust for when using an Opthalmoscope during a Bruckner test?

A

Adjust the lens for distance (ex. +1.00D for 1m) and your refractive error if required

28
Q

How do you record a Bruckner test?

A

Normal: OD = OS
Defects: OS brighter than OD

29
Q

How do you interpret a Bruckner test?

A

Brighter / whiter pupil is the eye with problem

30
Q

What is the visible spectrum of light?

A

about 380nm - 750nm

31
Q

What is the Trichromacy Theory?

A

Young - 3 types of photoreceptors sensitive to red/yellow/blue in a ratio of 8:7:6
Von Helmhotz - only three wavelengths needed to create all colors

32
Q

Rods

A

(scotopic): all rhodopsin. Peak at about 498nm

33
Q

Cones

A

(photopic): 3 types of photopigments (opsins) with different wavelength at which highest light absorption is observed (lambda max)

34
Q

What are the 3 types of photopigments and what are their peak wavelengths?

A

Short (Cyanolabe): peak at 430nm
Middle (Chlorolabe): Peak at 535nm
Long (Erytholabe): Peak at 565nm

35
Q

The fovea lacks which photopigment?

A

S-cones (Cyanolabes)

36
Q

What is the ratio of L- and M-cones to S-cones throughout the entire retina?

A

100:1

37
Q

What is important to remember about cones and wavelength absorption?

A

Individual cones do NOT transmit information about wavelength of a light stimulus; what varies is the PROBABILITY that a photon will be aborbed

38
Q

What dos the Trichromatic Theory NOT explain?

A

Color appearance or afterimages

39
Q

What is the Opponent Process Theory of Color Vision?

A

There are four colors in two opposite pairs and three opposite channels:
Red versus Green
Blue versus Yellow
Black versus White

40
Q

How can both theories of Color Vision be correct?

A

Trichromatic Theory: at the photoreceptor level

Opponent-Process: 3 colors are wired to produce the opposite color translation

41
Q

Anomalous Trichromat

A

3 photopigments present, but one has “abnormal” spectral sensitivity function

42
Q

Dichromacy

A

Only 2 types of photopigments are working correctly; third is either missing or defective

43
Q

Monochromacy

A

Total color blindness. Two cone types are missing or defective

44
Q

Protanomaly Trichromat

A

L-opsin altered (response towards green): poor red-green discrimination. About 1% of males.

45
Q

Deutranomaly Trichromat

A

M-opsin altered (response towards red): mildly affects red-green hue discrimination. About 5% males.

46
Q

Tritanomaly Trichromat

A

S-opsin altered. Affects blue-yellow discrimination. Rare.

47
Q

Protanopia

A

Dichromacy. L-cones are missing

48
Q

Deuteranopia

A

Dichromacy. M-cones are missing

49
Q

Tritanopia

A

Dichromacy: S-cones are missing

50
Q

Tetartanopia

A

Theoretical Dichromacy. No yellow.

51
Q

Rod Monochromacy

A

Rod Monochromacy: Achromatopsia. No cones. Abnormal vision.

52
Q

Cone Monochromacy

A

Color blindness. Cannot distinguish hues, but otherwise normal vision.

53
Q

Percentage of boys vs girls with color blindness

A

Boys = 8%
Females = 0.4%
Due to X-Linked nature of disease

54
Q

What makes blue-yellow congenital color anomalies special?

A
  1. Verrrrry Rare (0.005%)
  2. Autosomal Dominant
  3. In chromosome 7
55
Q

Acquired Color Vision Defect Characteristics

A
  1. Asymmetric variance
  2. Due to pathological process
  3. Associated with medication
  4. Often blue/yellow defect, but can be red/green
  5. Usually non-selective results from tests
56
Q

What is a limitation of the Ishihara test?

A

Can only detect red/green defects

57
Q

What lighting is required by the Ishihara test?

A

“True Daylight” or Daylight Illuminator or incandescent bulb (60-100 watts) while patients wears C-Daylight glasses

58
Q

How far away is the Ishihara test conducted from the plates?

A

75 cm

59
Q

How many Ishihara plates does a patient need to get wrong in order to be considered color deficient?

A

If 7 or less correct, color deficient.
If 8-9 correct (rare): conduct another test
10 = pass

60
Q

Ishihara plates #12 - #14 can be used to determine what?

A

MIGHT differentiate Deuteranopia from Protanopia

61
Q

Are revisions accepted with HRR #4 plates?

A

Hell no!

62
Q

What do plates HRR plates #5 - #10 measure?

A

Initial color test. If normal color vision, stop here

63
Q

If a patient has a B/Y defect, what HRR plate(s) will he/she get wrong?

A

5 or #6. Then go to plates #21 - #24

64
Q

If a patient has a R/G defect, what HRR plates(s) will he/she get wrong?

A

7 - #10. Then go to plates #11 - #20

65
Q

How do you distinguish a proton vs deutan color defect with HRR #4 score sheets?

A

Column with greater number of checks is the defect. Ex. - if deutan column has more checks, the patient has a deutan defect
If same number of checks = unclassified

66
Q

What do you do with a mydriatic eye drops bottle in a Red Desaturation Test?

A

Compare good eye recognition of the red bottle cap with the defective eye to determine what percentage that eye “desaturates” the color.

67
Q

Anisometropia

A

The condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power

PPO Midterm 1 (3 decks)

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