Health Diseasse And Rhe Development Of Medicines Flashcards
1
Q
What is the world health organisation responsible for!?
A
The World Heath Organisation (WHO) is responsible for advising on ways to improve heath around the world
2
Q
How do the world health organisation define health!?
A
They define health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
3
Q
What does the WHO’s definition of health mean!?
A
This means that being free from disease alone is not necessarily enough to be in good health.
4
Q
What are the 2 types of disease!?
A
Communicable
Non-communicable
5
Q
What is a communicable disease!?
A
It can be transferred from one person to another, or from one
organism to another
6
Q
Gibe an example of a communicable disease….
A
eg in humans, these include measles, food poisoning and
malaria
7
Q
What is malaria!?
A
A potentially fatal disease spread by mosquitoes
8
Q
What is a non-communicable disease!?
A
They are not transferred between people or other organisms
9
Q
What does it mean when different types of disease interact!?
A
This can mean that the presence of one disease can lead to a higher chance of developing another disease.
10
Q
What is the immune system!?
A
The body’s defence system against entry of any foreign body, including pathogens and agents such as pollen grains. The role of the immune system is to prevent disease.
11
Q
What does the defects in the immune system mean!?
A
It means that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
12
Q
What is HIV!?
A
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, a disease which damages cells in the immune system.
13
Q
What does HIV lead too!?
A
It leads to AIDS, affect the immune system and lead to an increase in susceptibility to infectious diseases.
14
Q
What does HIV stand for!?
A
human immunodeficiency virus infections
15
Q
What can viruses in living cells be a trigger for!?
A
It can be a trigger for cancers
16
Q
What are the types of cancers that usually form as a result of a virus in living cells!?
A
majority of cases of cancer of the
cervix
are linked with a virus present in the female
reproductive system
.
17
Q
What is the cervix!?
A
Ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus
18
Q
What is the reproductive system!?
A
The organs and tissues involved in producing offspring.
19
Q
What can trigger allergic reactions!?
A
The reaction of the immune system to
pathogens
and other foreign bodies
20
Q
What is a pathogen!?
A
A Microorganism that causes disease
21
Q
What can this allergic reaction due to foreign bodies result in!?
A
Skin rashes and asthma
22
Q
What is asthma!?
A
A disease that affects the respiratory system.
23
Q
What can a severe respiratory infection in a baby result in!?
A
It can lead to asthma in later childhood
24
Q
What can severe physical ill lead to!?
A
Severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other types of mental illness.
25
What are 4 types of pathogen!?
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protists
26
Give an example of a virus in an animal!?
HIV/AIDS
27
Give an example of a virus in plants….
Tobacco mosaic virus
28
Give an example of a bacteria in plants….
Agrobacterium
29
Give an example of a bacteria in animals….
Salmonella
30
Give an example of a fungi in plants….
Black rose spot
31
Give an example of a fungi in animals….
Athlete’s foot
32
Give an example of a protist in plants….
Downy mildew
33
Give an example of a protist in an animal….
Malaria
34
What is the first stage of the life cycle of a pathogen!?
1. They infect the host
35
What is the second stage of the life cycle of a pathogen!?
They reproduce themselves
or replicate if it is a virus
36
What is the third stage of the life cycle of a pathogen!?
They spread from their host and infect other organisms
37
What do pathogens also have in terms of structure!?
They also all have structural adaptations that make them successful at completing their life cycles, which enable them to cause more disease.
38
Are diseases caused by pathogens communicable or non-communicable!? And what does this mean!?
They are communicable diseases. This means the disease can be transferred from an infected organism to another organism.
39
List the 3 types of non-communicable diseases…..
1.inherited genetic disorders
2.deficiency diseases
3.diseases like cancer that can develop as a result of exposure to carcinogens or delvelop natural,g as cell division occurs incorrectly
40
Name an example of an inherited genetic disorder…..
cystic fibrosis
can be passed to offspring but not to anyone else.
41
List an example of a deficiency disease….
as scurvy which occurs when an individual has insufficient vitamin C.
42
What is transmission!?
The spreading of pathogenic disease, for example by touch, food, water.
43
What are the 5 important ways that transmission can occur…
1.direct contact
2.water
3.air
4.unhygienic food preparation
5.vector
44
Give an example of how a pathogenic disease can be transmitted by direct contact….
This can be sexual contact during intercourse or non-sexual contact, like shaking hands.
45
Give an example of how a pathogenic disease can be transmitted by water….
Dirty water can transmit many diseases, such as the cholera bacterium.
46
Give an example of how a pathogenic disease can be transmitted by air….
When a person who is infected by the common cold sneezes, they can spray thousands of tiny droplets containing virus particles to infect others.
47
Give an example of how a pathogenic disease can be transmitted by unhygienic food preparation….
Undercooked or reheated food can cause bacterial diseases like Escherichia coli which is a cause of food poisoning.
48
Give an example of how a pathogenic disease can be transmitted by a vector….
Any organism that can spread a disease is called a vector. Many farmers think tuberculosis in their cattle can be spread by badgers.
49
Why are viruses not alive!?
Viruses
are not alive because they do not complete all of the seven life processes
50
What is a virus!?
An ultramicroscopic infectious non-cellular organism that can replicate inside the cells of living hosts, with negative consequences.
51
What are the 7 life process that a a virus does not complete all of!?
1.movement
2.respiration
3.sensitivity
5.nutrition
6.excretion
7.reproduction
8.Growth
52
Why do we say for a virus instead of species!?
A strain
53
What are strains made from!?
Strains are made of a relatively short length of genetic material (
DNA
) which is surrounded by a
protein coat
.
54
What is a protein coat!?
The proteins that surround the DNA of a virus.
55
What cannot treat a virus!?
Antibiotics
56
What are antibiotics!?
Substances that control the spread of bacteria in the body by killing them or stopping them reproducing.
57
How is HIV transmitted!?
This infection is transmitted by body fluids, often during unprotected sex, but also through cuts and injecting drugs using unsterilized needles.
58
What do people suffer with after immediately being infected with HIV!?
Immediately after infection, people often suffer mild flu-like symptoms. These pass and for a period of time infected people might not know they are infected.
59
What does aids stand for!?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
60
What happens after months or years after being infected with HIV!?
virus becomes active and attacks the patient's white blood cells. HIV at this point has resulted in AIDS.
61
What is the cure for HIV/AIDS!?
There is no cure for HIV/AIDS although scientists are trying to find one
62
What are people infected with HIV/AIDS currently treated with!?
Currently, infected people are given
antiviral drugs
, which can significantly slow the development of AIDS.
63
What is an antiviral drug!?
antivirals
Drugs that prevent viruses replicating.
64
What disease in 2015 occurred and in which country did it occur in!?
Ebola and it occurred in West Africa
65
Between what percentages were Ebola cases fatal!?
Between 50%-90%
66
What are the 3 early symptoms of Ebola!?
1.fever and headache
2.joint and muscle pain
3.muscle weakness
67
What do patients then suffer with after the early symptoms of Ebola!?
Patients then develop diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach pain and internal bleeding.
68
How is Ebola transmitted!?
The virus is transmitted in body fluids
69
What type of disease is Ebola!?
It’s a virus
70
How do you unfortunately catch Ebola!?
It is possible to catch it from
1.a dead person several days after they have died.
2.from the clothes or possessions of a dead person
3.having sex with an infected person 4.from unsterilized needles shared with an infected person.
71
What is the cure for Ebola!?
There is currently no licensed treatment for Ebola.
72
Not all bacteria that causes a disease is what!?
A pathogen
73
Where are many useful bacteria’s found!?
Eg bacteria found in the intestines
74
What are all bacteria!?
Prokaryotes and do not have a nucleus
75
Describe bacteria cells…..
Unlike
viruses
, bacteria are cells and so are larger but cannot be seen without a microscope.
76
What is cholera!?
a bacterial infection often transmitted in dirty water or contaminated food
77
What are the symptoms of people infected by cholera!?
1.diarrhoea
2.feeling and being sick (vomiting)
3.stomach cramps
78
What does having diarrhoea and vomiting mean after unfortunately being infected by cholera!?
Having diarrhoea and vomiting mean infected people quickly become dehydrated and can go into shock.
79
When do large outbreaks of cholera occur!?
Large outbreaks of cholera are often found shortly after natural disasters or during armed conflict
80
How many people sadly die from cholera each year!?
Unfortunately thousands of people currently die each year of cholera.
81
What prevent people from cholera infection!?
A vaccine
82
How are people treated after unfortunately being infected by cholera!?
infected, treatment involves taking oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration and shock
83
Why to cholera solutions contain salt and glucose!?
The solutions have salts and glucose in them to help replace those lost in diarrhoea and vomiting. Antibiotics are also used.
84
What is tuberculosis (TB)!?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread in tiny droplets when a person coughs or sneezes
85
What type of disease is TB!?
An airborne disease
86
What area of the body does TB mainly infect!?
The lungs- where is unfortunately causes damage to them
87
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis!?
1.a bad cough often resulting in coughing up blood
2.loss of appetite leading to weight loss
3.high temperature
R.tiredness and fatigue
88
What is TB caused by!?
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
89
What do many people have that can kill of any bacterial disease!?
A strong immune system
90
What factor makes someone at at higher risk of unfortunately catching TB!?
If patients have other diseases or a weakened immune system they are more likely to catch TB.
91
What is the name of the vaccine that prevents TB!?
The BCG vaccine
92
How is TB treated!?
If infected, antibiotics are prescribed.
93
What is an immune system!?
The body's defence system against entry of any foreign body, including pathogens and agents such as pollen grains. The role of the immune system is to prevent disease.
94
Which bacteria unfortunately causes stomach ulcers!?
Helicobacter pylori
95
What are stomach ulcers!?
Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach and are usually caused by bacteria.
96
Do people show symptoms when they are infected by Stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter!?
Many people do not show symptoms
97
Are Stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter common!?
It is a common infection
98
Helicobacter pylori can simply live in the stomach and not cause any…..
Ulcers
99
How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted!?
Transmission from an infected person is through saliva.
100
What happens to some people when infected by Helicobacter pylori!?
The infection starts to irritate the lining of the stomach which then stops protecting them from the hydrochloric acid in their stomach
101
What does the irritation caused by Helicobacter pylori result in!?
Stomach ulcers
102
How do we know if people are more likely to be infected by stomach ulcers than others!?
We don't yet know why some people are more likely to develop ulcers.
103
What lifestyle factors can increase the risk of stomach ulcers!?
1.Spicy food
2.stress
3.excessive alcohol
4.smoking
104
What are the symptoms of stomach ulcers!?
1.indigestion
2.heartburn
3.loss of appetite and weight loss
105
How are stomach ulcers treated!?
Antibiotics can be used to treat stomach ulcers shown to be caused by Heliobacter pylori.
106
What is a contaminant!?
Is any substance or object that makes a food harmful or objectionable
107
What pathogens can cause food poising!?
Bacteria
108
List the bacterial infections cause food bourne illnesses …
1.salmonella
2.bacillus cereus
3.clostridium perfringens
4.Escherichia coli ( E. coli)
5.campylobacter jejuni
109
What can some food bourne illness do!?
Sadly, some can kill
110
What are the certain conditions that bacteria need to thrive and multiply !?
1.food
2.moisture
3.warmth
4.time
111
What types of food allow bacteria to thrive and multiply !?
Foods that are moist and high in protein like meat,fish and eggs and dairy products
112
In what conditions are bacteria unable to multiply in!?
In dry foods but once moisture is added it creates the perfect conditions for bacteria
113
In what type of temperatures allow bacteria to thrive and multiply !?
Most bacteria multiply between 5-63 degrees c
114
Why are frozen foods kept below -18 degrees c!?
It only slows bacteria growth. IT DOES NOT KILL BACTERIA!!!!!
115
What temperature are frozen foods kept frozen at!?
Bellow -18 degrees c
116
How can time allow bacteria to thrive and multiply !?
They multiply quickly
117
What must you do do food to reduce the amount of time so bacteria multiplies at a slower rate!?
Chill and store food bellow 5 degrees c and within 90mins of cooking
118
What happens when there is a single bacterium on food in a warm kitchen!?
It can multiply and create over 500 million bacteria by the time you eat it just a few hours later
119
What are the 4 Cs to prevent food poisoning!?
1.cleaning
2.cooking
3.chilling
4.cross contamination
120
List the ways you must clean to prevent food poisoning!?
1.By regularly and thoroughly cleaning your hands before preparing food
2.wash them each time after handling raw meats,after using the toilet,after changing a nappy,after touching bins or Pets,and clean surfaces with hot soapy water.
121
What can you do when cooking to prevent food poisoning!?
Destroy harmful bacteria by thorough cooking
And reheat at at least 75 degrees c and then maintain at least at 63 degrees c until served
122
What can you do when chilling foods to prevent food poisoning!?
1. Set your fridge to bellow 5 degrees c
2. Cool hot foods fast but Never cool hot foods in the fridge because it increase the interior temperature about 5 degrees c causing bacteria in food to multiply
123
How does cross contamination result in food poisoning!?
Eg: meat juices from a raw steak on the top shelf of the fridge leak onto something being stored on the next shelf down meaning when you eat the foods bellow you are also eating the bacteria for, raw meats
124
What is cross contamination!?
When bacteria from raw food gets transferred to other foods especially if they can be eaten without cooking
125
What are protists!?
A eukaryotic, usually single-celled organism of the kingdom Protista.they are also Protists
are a group of small organisms that have features that belong to animals, plants and
fungi
126
What are some protists more like!?
Some are more like animals, others more like plants and some, called moulds, are closest to fungi
127
What are all protist diseases!?
They are all
eukaryotic
, which means they have a
nucleus
.
128
How is malaria spread!?
Malaria is spread by mosquitos, which carry the Plasmodium protist
129
Where are mosquitos often found!?
These are often found in areas with higher temperatures like Africa, Asia, and South and Central America
130
Why are mosquitoes not found in the uk!?
They are not found here because if our low temperatures
131
How do mosquitoes infect people with malaria!?
Mosquitos suck blood containing the protists from an infected person. They pass the protist, to other people they suck blood from
132
How do mosquitoes not become I’ll form malaria themselves!?
The mosquitos do not become ill and are called '
vectors
' because they transmit the
disease
.
133
What is a vector!?
Any organism that can spread a disease
134
What are the symptoms of malaria!?
The symptoms of malaria include a fever, sweats and chills, headaches, vomiting and
diarrhoea
135
What is also damaged when unfortunately contracting malaria!?
The blood and liver
136
How many people are infected with malaria each year!?
200 million people infected each year
137
How many people sadly die from malaria die each year!?
Of the 200 million people infected each year, up to half die from this disease
138
How do people prevent getting malaria!?
There is no vaccination for malaria. Infection can only be prevented by stopping individuals from being bitten
People sleep under
mosquito nets
and wear insect repellent to avoid bites
139
How are malaria symptoms treated!?
Antimalarial drugs
are also taken, which treat the symptoms and can prevent infection.
140
What is an antimalarial drug!?
Medicine that stops or treats a malarial infection
141
List a fungi that does not cause disease…
Yeast
is a single-celled fungus that is economically important because we use it to make things like bread and beer
142
What is yeast!?
A unicellular fungus used in the brewing and baking industries.
143
Not all fungi are what!?
Single-celled
144
Give an example of a multicellular fungi……
mushrooms are multicellular and so much larger. These are still made of tiny cells like yeast, but have many more of them.
145
Do fungi cells have a nucleus!? And what does this mean!?
Yes meaning that they are eukaryotic
146
What is athlete’s foot!?
Athlete's foot
is a rash caused by a fungus that is usually found between people's toes
147
What happens to your skin when you are infected with athlete’s foot!?
It causes dry, red and flaky or white, wet and cracked skin
148
Where are the most likely places to catch athlete’s foot!?
It is often found in communal areas like swimming pool changing rooms or gyms
149
How is athletes’s foot transmitted!?
is transmitted by touching infected skin or surfaces that have been previous contaminated.
150
How can athlete’s foot be treated!?
It is treated by
antifungal medication
151
What species of fungus infects ash trees!?
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
152
What are the symptoms of chalara ash die back!?
1.leaf loss
2.die back of new shoots
3.bark lesions.
153
When was chalara ash die back first found in the uk!?
In 2012, so it is quite new
154
How does chalara ash die back spread!?
The fungus spreads through the air, so we call it an airborne infection
155
Since 2012, how much of the uk’s woodland has been infected by this disease!?
Since 2012 it has spread to about one third of all large woodlands in the UK.
156
How fast does chalara ash die back spread!?
Scientists are not yet sure how quickly this fungus will spread of what its full impact will be on our ash population.
157
What are scientists trying to identify to do with ash dieback!?
They are trying to identify the genetic factors that mean that some ash trees are naturally resistant to the fungus.
158
What are the 5 main ways of preventing the trainsmission of a disease!?
1.sterilising water
2. Suitable hygiene:food
3. Suitable hygiene:personal
4.vaccination
5.contraception
159
Give an example of a disease that can be prevented by Sterilising water….
Cholera
160
How does sterilising water prevent cholera!?
Chemicals or UV light kill pathogens in unclean water.
161
Give an example of a disease that can be prevented by suitable food hygiene….
Salmonella
162
How does using suitable food hygiene prevent salmonella!?
Cooking foods thoroughly and preparing them in hygienic conditions kills pathogens.
163
Give an example of a disease that can prevented by suitable personal hygiene…..
Athlete’s foot
164
Explain how using suitable personal hygiene prevents athlete’s foot…
Washing surfaces with disinfectants kills pathogens. Treating existing cases of infection kills pathogens.
165
Give an example of a disease that can be prevented by a vaccination…..
Tuberculosis
166
Explain how using a vaccination can prevent the transmission of TB….
Immunisations introduce a small or weakened version of a pathogen into your body, and the immune system learns how to defend itself.
167
Give an example of a disease that can be prevented by the use of contraception…..
HIV/AIDS
168
Explain how the use of contraception can prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS…..
By using barrier contraception like condoms, it stops the transfer of bodily fluids and sexually transmitted diseases
169
How are STIs transmitted!?
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are passed from one person to another through sexual contact
170
What does STI stand for!?
Sexually transmitted infection
171
How many different typed of pathogens are there that causes and STI!?
More than 30 different pathogens
172
List a few examples of an STI….
Chlamydia
A virus like HIV
173
How is the spread of STIs reduced!?
reduce the spread of STIs people can abstain from sexual activity or use a barrier-type of
contraception
like a condom.
174
What is contraception!?
Any form of birth control used to prevent pregnancy.
175
What is chlamydia!?
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a
bacterium
.
176
What age group does chlamydia usually affect!?
is a common infection, especially amongst people under 25
177
What do the NHS advice to under 25 year olds about chlamydia!?
The NHS recommends that people who are under 25 and sexually active have a Chlamydia test every year or if they change partner.
178
What are the symptoms of chlamydia!?
a burning pain when urinating and often forms a thick yellow or green
discharge
from an infected person's penis or vagina. In women it can also cause bleeding between periods and men can develop swollen testicles.
179
What will happen if chlamydia is untreated!?
If untreated, infection with Chlamydia can result in
infertility
. Like other bacterial infections,
180
What is discharge!?
Green or yellow liquid containing pus that arises from an infection.
181
How is chlamydia treated!?
Chlamydia is treated by
antibiotics
.
182
What is the first line of defence that stops infections and pathogens from entering the body!?
Chemical and physical barriers
183
List all the physical barriers that will prevent infections and pathogen from entering the body….
1.The skin
2.nose
3. Mucus and ciliated cells
184
List all the chemical barriers that will prevent infections and pathogen from entering the body….
1.Stomach acid
2.lysozymes
185
Explain how your skin acts as a physical barrier against infection…..
If it is cut or grazed it immediately begins to heal itself, often by forming a scab, which prevents infection as the skin acts as a physical barrier.
186
Explain how the eye prevent infection….
the eyes produce tears which contain
enzymes
. These enzymes are chemical barriers.
187
Explain how the noise acts as a physical barrier against infection…
The nose has internal hairs, which act as a physical barrier to infection. Cells in the nose produce
mucus
. This traps pathogens before they can enter the lungs. When the nose is blown, mucus is removed and any pathogens are trapped within it.
188
Explain how the mucus and ciliated cells prevent infection….
1.The ciliated cells waft their hairs in a motion move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into your stomach
2. Other cells called
goblet cells
create the mucus in order to trap pathogens. The production of mucus in your airways is a physical barrier.
189
What are goblet cells!?
Cells in the lining of the airways that produce mucus to trap dust and pathogens.
190
What are the chemical barriers against infection!?
Stomach acid
Lysozymes
191
Explain how stomach acid acts as a barrier against infection!!!!
The hydrochloric acid in our stomachs does not break down food. It is hydrochloric acid and while it does us no harm, it is strong enough to kill any pathogens that have been caught in mucus in the airways or consumed in food or water.
192
Explain how a lysosome acts as a barrier against infections…..
To stop eye infections we have evolved chemicals within our tears called
lysozymes
193
What are lysozomes!?
Enzymes found in tears that destroy bacterial cells
194
Where can lysozomes be found!?
Lysozymes are found in saliva, breast milk and mucus, as well as in tears
195
Name an infection that can be a result of pathogens not being killed by lysozomes…..
Conjunctivitis
196
How can you catch a communicable disease!?
You can catch a communicable disease when you are exposed to a
pathogen
197
What is the body’s second line of defence against infection caused!?
The immune system
198
What is the immune system!?
The body's defence system against entry of any foreign body, including pathogens and agents such as pollen grains. The role of the immune system is to prevent disease.
199
What are the names of the 2 types of white blood cell found in our immune system
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
200
What are phagocytes!?
Cells, such as white blood cells, that engulf and absorb waste material, harmful microorganisms, or other foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues.
201
What are lymphocytes!?
White blood cells which attack pathogens by producing antibodies.
202
Describe how phagocytes destroy pathogens…
The phagocytes' membrane surrounds the pathogen and the
enzymes
found inside the cell, then break down the pathogen in order to destroy it
203
As phagocytes carry out the same process when destroying all pathogens what do we call it!?
Non-specific
204
Describe the first step to lymphocytes destroying pathogens…..
They recognise proteins on the surface of pathogens called
antigens
205
What is an antigen!?
A protein on the surface of a substance (often a pathogen) that triggers an immune response.
206
Describe the second step to lymphocytes destroying pathogens…..
Lymphocytes detect that both the proteins and pathogens are foreign, not naturally occurring within your body and produce
antibodies
207
What are antibodies!?
A protein produced by the immune system in humans (and other animals) that attacks foreign organisms (antigens) that get into the body.
208
Describe the third step to lymphocytes destroying pathogens…..
This can take a few days, during which time you may feel ill. The antibodies created by the lymphocytes cause pathogens to stick together, and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them.
209
What is the name of the specific type of lymphocyte and what can it do!?
A specific type of lymphocyte called a memory lymphocyte can 'remember' the antigens from an infection by a previous pathogen
210
What will happen if memory lymphocyte receives a second exposure to the pathogen!?
A second exposure to it will result in a much faster immune response. Antibodies will be produced much faster, which often stops us becoming ill again. There are hundreds of common colds caused by different viruses
211
Why is it unlikely for you to become infected by the same virus again!?
It is very unlikely you will become infected by the same virus because memory lymphocytes exist to fight the infection immediately. This response to a known antigen is called the secondary response and it is much quicker than the response to an antigen for the first time.
212
What happens during primary infection!?
the antibodies slowly increase, peak at around ten days and then gradually decrease
213
What happens during a second exposure to the Primary infection!?
A second exposure to the same pathogen causes the white blood cells to respond quickly in order to produce lots of the relevant antibodies, which prevents infection.
214
What do some pathogens produce!?
Some pathogens produce
toxins
which make you feel ill
215
How do lymphocytes destroy toxins caused by pathogens!?
Lymphocytes can also produce antitoxins to neutralise these toxins. Both the antibodies and antitoxins are highly specific to the antigen on the pathogen
216
What do we call a lymphocyte!?
Specific
217
What is immunisation!?
The introduction of an inactive form of a disease into the human body that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against that disease.
218
What does immunisation allow!?
It allows an inactive form of the disease causing pathogen to be introduced into the body, which contain a specific
antigen
This causes the
immune system
, specifically the
white blood cells
, to produce complementary
antibodies
, which target and attach to the antigen.
219
What is the first step of immunisation!?
A syringe injects an altered form of the pathogen
220
What is the second step of immunisation!?
White blood cells releases complementary antibodies to the specific antigen
221
What is the third step of immunisation!?
They attach and clump pathogens together
222
What is the fourth step of immunisation!?
White blood cells engulf the pathogens and phagocytosis occurs
223
What are antibiotics!?
Substance that controls the spread of bacteria in the body by killing them or stopping them reproducing.
224
What do antibiotics allow!?
Antibiotics
are substances that slow down or stop the growth of
bacteria
225
What are some examples of antibiotics!?
penicillin and amoxicillin
226
What types of disease do antibiotics cure!?
Bacterial not viral!!!!
227
When was penicillin first discovered!?
In 1928 by Alexander Fleming
228
What did Fleming notice!?
He noticed that some bacteria he had left in a
petri dish
had been killed by the naturally occurring Penicillium
mould
.
229
How do antibiotics work!?
Antibiotics damage the bacterial cells by inhibiting their cellular processes, but do not damage the host cells
230
What ability do antibiotics have!?
They have the ability to cure some bacterial diseases that would have previously killed many people.
231
What has improved since the introduction of antibiotics!?
Since their introduction, they have had a large influence on the world's health and death rate.
232
Why are a range of different range of antibiotics is needed!?
One antibiotic may only work against one type of bacteria, or a few types. This means that a range of different antibiotics is needed for the treatment of the whole range of bacterial diseases.
233
Why can viral diseases not be cured by antibiotics!?
Viral diseases cannot be cured by antibiotics, as they reproduce inside the host cells.
234
Why is it hard to develop an antiviral drug!?
It is very difficult to develop antiviral drugs, as they might damage the host cell whist killing the virus.
235
What do antiviral drugs do!? And what does this mean!?
Antiviral drugs only slow down viral development, and viruses change their
antigens
quickly which means new drugs have to be generated regularly.
236
What is the first step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
A virus enters the cell
237
What is the second step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
Substances in the cell begin to strip off the virus’s outer coat of protein
238
What is the third step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
The nucleic acid in the centre of the virus is released
239
What is the fourth step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
The nucleic acid gets into the cells’s chemical manufacturing system
240
What is the fourth step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
The cell ignores its own chemical needs and switches to making new viruses
241
What is the fifth step of a cell killing a viral infection!?
The cell is sometimes destroyed in the process. Many of the new viruses are released to infect other cells
242
What are the 3 main problems of prescribed antibiotics!?
1.over use of antibiotics
2.failing to complete the fully prescribed course by a doctor
3.use of antibiotics in farming
243
What can these problems lead to!?
These can lead to the effectiveness of antibiotics being reduced, and the incidence of antibiotic resistance increasing. These bacteria are commonly known as superbugs.
244
What happens when a patient fails to complete a full course of antibiotics!?
Patients should always fully complete the prescribed course of antibiotics, every time they are taken. This ensures all bacteria are killed, and so none survive which can subsequently mutate and produce resistant strains.
245
Describe what happens to patients when they first begin taking antibiotics….
Some patients begin to feel well after a few days of taking the medicine, and stop taking them.
246
Why is it harmful I’m an patient stops taking their antibiotics through out their course!?
This is potentially very harmful, as random
mutations
can occur which can lead to
antibiotic resistance
. The resistant bacteria reproduce quickly, and the resistance spreads.
247
Previously what were antibiotics used for!?
Previously, antibiotics were regularly used in farming
248
What can antibiotics prevent in animals!?
these can be used to prevent disease, keep the animals well and allow them to grow quickly.
249
What does the effect of the the high use in agriculture have!?
The high use in agriculture may have a cost, as it could lead to spread of antibiotic resistance from animals into human hosts
250
What is now in place to reduce the high use of antibiotics in animals!?
Legal controls are now in place to try and reduce the use of antibiotics in this way.
251
What are the 4 ways to reduce antibiotic resistance!?
1.Only take when necessary.
2.Treat specific bacteria with specific antibiotics.
3.High hospital hygiene levels, including regular hand washing by staff and visitors.
4.patients, who are infected with antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, should be isolated from other patients.
252
What is the future of antibiotics!?
The development of new antibiotics has slowed down as it becomes difficult to find new versions to tackle different bacterial infections. Some limited success with new antibiotic search has occurred recently.
253
What are some people concerned about antibiotics for the future!?
People are concerned that in the near future, some bacteria will be resistant to all known antibiotics.
254
Historically where have drugs come from!?
drugs have come from nature, as parts of plants and microorganisms have been extracted
255
Give an example of a naturally sourced drug….
willow bark was used by the ancient Greeks to help cure fevers and pains. It was later discovered that the active ingredient was salicylic acid.
256
How has willow bark been modified by chemists!?
This was modified by chemists into the substance we call aspirin, which is less irritating to the stomach than salicylic acid.
257
Name another drug that is naturally extracted…
Another example is the heart drug, digitalis which is extracted from foxgloves.
258
Where are drugs commonly made now!?
most drugs are now created in a laboratory by scientists at
pharmaceutical
companies. These companies now have
synthetic
versions of the plant extracts, and use these as the starting point to develop new drugs.
259
What is a pharmiceuical company!?
Relating to medicines and drugs, and their production, sale and use.
260
What does the trial and testing of drugs before patients can take them allow doctors to check for!?
Safety
Effectiveness
Dosage
261
Why is checking the safety of the drug before a patient can take them important!?
This is important as some drugs are toxic, and have other side effects that might be harmful to people.
262
Why is checking the effectiveness of the drug before a patient can take them important!?
This is also known as efficacy, and checks how well the drug cures the disease, or improves symptoms.
263
Why is checking the dosage of the drug before a patient can take them important!?
This varies, and has to closely controlled, as too high a concentration might be toxic.
264
What are the 3 main stages of testing drugs!?
1. Preclinical drug trials
2. Animal trials
3. Human clinical trials
265
What are preclinical drug trials!?
The drugs are tested using computer models and human cells grown in the laboratory. This allows the efficacy and possible side effects to be tested.
266
Why do many Preclinical drug trials fail!?
Many substances fail this test because they damage cells or do not seem to work.
267
What are animal trials!?
Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals. In the UK, new medicines have to undergo these tests. But it is illegal to test cosmetics and tobacco products on animals
268
What does a typical animal trial involve!?
A typical test involves giving a known amount of the substance to the animals, then monitoring them carefully for any side-effects.
269
What are human clinical trials!?
Drugs that have passed animal tests are used in clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check that they are safe. The substances are then tested on people with the illness to ensure that they are safe and that they work
270
What dosage is used in human clinical trials to begin with!?
Low doses of the drug are used initially, and if this is safe the dosage increases until the optimum dosage is identified.
271
What do some people say about drug testing!?
Some people consider drug trials to be dangerous. Everything comes with a level of risk.
272
What is Thalidomide!?
Thalidomide is a medical drug
273
What did Thalidomide cause!?
It caused unexpected and serious damage to unborn babies in the 1950s and 1960s
274
What was Thalidomide developed as!?
Thalidomide was developed as a sleeping pill, but it was also thought to be useful for easing morning sickness in pregnant women. Unfortunately, it had not been tested for use in this way.
275
What was Thalidomide found to do!?
thalidomide was found to damage the development of unborn babies, especially if it had been taken in the first four to eight weeks of pregnancy
276
What did the drug do to these unborn babies!?
The drug led to the arms or legs of the babies being very short or incompletely formed
277
How many babies were affected by Thalidomide!?
More than 10,000 babies were affected around the world.
278
What was the result after the affected Thalidomide had on babies!?
As a result of this disaster, thalidomide was banned. Drug testing was also made more rigorous than before.
279
What is Thalidomide used for today!?
Thalidomide is now used as a treatment for leprosy and bone cancer. Its use is heavily regulated, however, to prevent a repeat of the problems it caused in the last century.
280
List 5 non-communicable diseases….
1.cancer
2.diabetes
3.genetic disorders and conditions
4.heart disease
5.neurological disorders
281
What do defects in the immune system mean!?
that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
282
What is meant by many different diseases interact!?
This can mean that the presence of one disease can lead to a higher chance of developing another disease.
283
What can viruses living in cells trigger!?
Cancer
284
What are unfortunately the majority of cervix cancer linked to!?
Are linked with a virus present in the female reproductive system
285
What is a risk factor!?
Something that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.
286
What can risk factors be caused by!?
Risk factors can be caused by
lifestyle factors
or substances in a person's body or their environment. Some diseases are caused by an interaction between risk factors.
287
What is the risk factor of type 2 diabetes!?
Obesity
288
What affects does type 2 diabetes and obesity have!?
Blood sugar levels cannot be regulated properly
289
What is the risk factor of liver cirrhosis!?
Alcohol
290
What affect does alcohol have on the liver causing this disease!?
Scar tissue is formed in the liver which stops it removing toxins
291
What is the risk factor to lung cancer!?
Smoking
292
What affect dies smoking have on the lungs unfortunately causing this disease!?
Smoking causes lung cancer and also the underdevelopment of unborn babies
293
What is a correlation!?
A relationship between two sets of data, such that when one set changes you would expect the other set to change as well.
294
With what diseases have scientists found correlations!?
With cancer and other non-communicable diseases, scientists have found correlations.
295
If there is a correlation between a particular factor and an outcome, it does not mean that!?
that the factor necessarily causes the outcome. Scientists must look for a possible mechanism by which the factor could be the likely cause.
296
What has analysis of cigarettes shown in terms of lung cancer!?
In the case of lung cancer, analyses of cigarette smoke have shown that at least 70 of the chemicals present in smoke will cause cancer in laboratory animals which establishes a causal link.
297
What type of disease is cancer and when does form!?
Cancers are
non-communicable diseases
. This means they cannot be caught. Instead they develop. Cancers occur when cell division goes wrong.
298
Cancers occur when cell division goes wrong what does this cause!?
This causes cells to grow out of control, which form a
tumour
.
299
What are the 2 types of cancerous tumour!?
Malignant and benign
300
What are malignant tumours!?
these tumours are cancerous and can break apart, move around the body and start new cancers in a process called metastasis
301
What is a benign tumour!?
these tumours are less serious because they are not cancerous, and do not spread
302
How are cancers looked for by doctors!?
Cancers are looked for by doctors in a process called screening
303
What are the types of screening!?
This can be in an x-ray, in blood or urine tests or by using
monoclonal antibodies
.
304
What is a monoclonal antibody!?
Identical copies of an antibody produced by fusing a spleen cell with a cancerous white blood cell which can be designed to bind to many different substances.
305
What are many cancers caused by!?
Many cancers are caused by smoking or drinking too much.
Other causes include the Sun's UV rays and some environmental pollutants. The risk of cancer also increases as we get older.
306
What are unfortunately the most frequent cancers in the UK!?
breast, lung and bowel cancers, and prostate cancer in men
307
What are the 3 types of cancer treatments!?
1. By chemotherapy
2. By radiotherapy
3. By palliative care
308
What is chemotherapy!?
The use of chemicals to treat cancer. The chemicals used are highly toxic to cells that divide rapidly.
309
What is radiotherapy!?
Using ionising radiation to treat cancer by targeting cancerous cells.
310
What is palliative care!?
Health care that focuses on relieving and preventing suffering, typically near the end of a patient's life when they are terminally ill.
311
Many cancers are less likely to occur if….
Many cancers are less likely to develop if people lead healthy lifestyles. This means not smoking, exercising regularly and eating healthy foods.
312
What does smoking increase the risk of!?
cardiovascular disease
313
What is a cardiovascular disease!?
Relating to the heart and the blood vessels
314
In what ways can smoking increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease!?
Smoking damages the lining of the
arteries
, including the
coronary
arteries. The damage encourages the build-up of fatty material in the arteries
315
What can damage to the lining or arteries potentially lead to!?
This can lead to a
heart attack or a stroke
316
What is a heart attack!?
When the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked.
317
What is a stroke!?
Damage to the brain caused by bleeding or blood clots in the brain's blood vessels.
318
How can the inhalation of carbon monoxide in cigarettes increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease!?
Inhalation of
carbon monoxide
in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood.
319
How can the nicotine in cigarette smoke increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease!?
The
nicotine
in cigarette smoke increases heart rate, putting strain on the heart.
320
What is nicotine!?
The addictive substance found in tobacco and tobacco smoke.
321
How can the chemicals in cigarettes increase the risk of a cardiovascular disease!?
Chemicals in cigarette smoke increase the likelihood of the
blood clotting
, resulting in a heart attack or
stroke
.
322
What is a blood clot!?
A clump of platelets and blood cells that forms when a blood vessel is damaged.
323
What may a person develop from smoking cigarettes!?
A person may develop
COPD
324
What is COPD!?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the name to several lung diseases that restrict air flow in the lungs and cause breathing difficulties for a patient.
325
Which diseases does COPD include!?
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
326
What is bronchitis!?
bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
327
What is emphysema!?
Disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down, reducing the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs
328
What happens when a person unfortunately had COPD!?
1.smoking damages the
bronchioles
and can eventually destroy many of the
alveoli
in the lungs
2.the airways become inflamed and
mucus
, which normally traps particles in the lungs, builds up
3.the patient becomes breathless, and finds it more and more difficult to obtain the oxygen required for
respiration
329
Can COPD be cured!?
The damage caused by COPD is permanent. The disease cannot be cured, and can result in death. It is essential that the person seeks medical help to try to prevent progression of the disease.
330
What do the carcinogens in cigarette smoke also cause!?
Lung cancer
331
What are almost all cases of lung cancer caused by!?
Smoking
332
What are Smaller number of linger cancer unfortunately caused by!?
smaller numbers of cases are linked with air pollution and
ionising radiation
from radon gas, a
radioactive
element
found in the environment in some parts of the country.
333
Why is ,in cancer more common in women than men!?
The main reason is because numbers of female smokers - unlike men - continued to increase in the 1950s and 1960s before starting to fall.
334
What does evidence also suggest about women unfortunately getting lung cancer!?
Cancer may take some years to develop, so a fall in female rates of lung cancer is likely to occur later. Evidence also suggests that women are more susceptible to developing the condition.
335
Which organ can drinking excess alcohol damage!?
can damage the liver, the organ responsible for processing and breaking down alcohol.
336
What is alcohol!?
A depressant that can be found in wines, spirits and beers. Also known as ethanol.
337
What can the liver do in terms of alcohol consumption!?
The liver can
regenerate
its cells, but long-term alcohol abuse causes serious damage.
338
What does regenerate mean!?
To restore something to its original form. Certain tissues and organs can regenerate themselves by producing new cells.
339
What is the first symptom that a patient has got liver damage from excess alcohol!?
The patient begins by feeling sick, experiences weight loss and loss of appetite. There is a yellowing of the eyes, confusion, drowsiness and vomiting blood.
340
What is the second symptom that a patient has got liver damage from excess alcohol!?
Alcohol causes lipids to build up in the
liver
which is called fatty liver disease.
341
What is the liver!?
The large organ, beside the stomach, which has many functions, including processing substances absorbed by the digestive system and a role in the storage of the body's carbohydrate.
342
What is the third symptom that a patient has got liver damage from excess alcohol!?
Alcohol damage leads to alcoholic
hepatitis
, which can lead to death.
343
What is hepatitis!?
Inflammation or swelling of the liver, for example because of infection by a virus or drinking too much alcohol. which can sadly lead to death.
344
What is the fourth symptom that a patient has got liver damage from excess alcohol!?
Cirrhosis
of the liver can develop - the liver becomes scarred and loses its ability to function.
345
What is cirrhosis!?
Scarring of the liver, which can be caused by alcoholism or hepatitis.
346
What is the fifth symptom that a patient has got liver damage from excess alcohol!?
The changes are now irreversible and the reduced ability to process alcohol can also lead to brain damage.
347
Name the 5 ways that alcohol affects the brain…..
1.slows reaction time
2.causes difficulty walking
3.can impair memory
4.causes slurred speech
5.causes changes in sleep patterns and mood, including increased anxiety and depression.
348
What are the 4 main long term edicts of drinking excess alcohol…..
1.causes brain shrinkage
2.leads to memory problems
3.leads to psychiatric problems
4.may result in the patient requiring long-term care.
349
What are the social impacts of alcoholism….
1.there is increased violence, antisocial behaviour and other crime associated with alcoholism
2.there is an increased risk of accidents
3. alcoholism causes mental decline
350
What are the economic impacts of alcoholism!?
1. alcoholism increases treatment costs to NHS
2. there is increased absence from work
351
What does obesity lead to!?
Obesity
leads to high
blood pressure
and the build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries, which lead to
cardiovascular
disease. It also increases the likelihood of developing
diabetes, another risk factor cardiovascular disease
352
What is blood pressure!?
The force of blood against the artery walls
353
What does being obese - with deposits of lipids in the abdomen increase
increases blood pressure beyond normal levels and increases levels of blood lipids.
354
What dies body fat also effect!?
Body fat also affects the body's ability to use
insulin
355
What is insulin!?
A hormone that regulates the level of sugar in the blood and can be produced by genetically modified bacteria
356
What is type 2 diabetes!?
Type 2 diabetes is where the body's cells lose their sensitivity to insulin – they no longer respond, or respond less effectively, to the insulin that's produced.
357
What % does obesity account for the risk of type 2 diabetes!?
80-85%
358
What is risking obesity linked to!?
Rising obesity is linked with 'western diet' - a diet that includes energy-rich 'fast foods' and an inactive lifestyle.
359
What do bar charts show in terms of type 2 diabetes!?
The bar charts show the increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes associated with people's
Body Mass Index (BMI)
360
What’s BMI!?
BMI
Body Mass Index, calculated by dividing a person's mass (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres).
361
Is there a cure for type 2 diabetes!?
There is no cure for type 2 diabetes, but it may be possible to control it by diet and exercise.
362
How can the risk of type 2 diabetes and a cardiovascular disease be reduced!?
by eating a balanced diet, with unrefined, unprocessed, 'whole foods', and taking regular exercise.
363
Both BMI and the ratio between a person's waist and hip measurements give what!?
generalised view of a person's health. It can be unhelpful to draw too many conclusions from these values, but they are a useful starting point.
364
How is BMI calculated!?
BMI is calculated as: mass (kg) / (height (m))2
365
How is obesity usually defined in terms of BMI!?
Obesity is often defined as a value of BMI above 30
366
How is waist:hip ratio measured!?
Waist:hip ratio is calculated by dividing your waist measurement (in cm) by your hip measurement (also in cm).
367
How do the The World Health Organisation define obesity in waist:hip measurement!?
The World Health Organisation define obesity in waist:hip measurement as a value higher than 0.85 in women and 1.0 in men.
368
What is Epidemiology!?
The study of the distribution and patterns of health and disease, in and across populations.
369
What do scientists study when investigating causes of disease!?
Scientists study the incidence of disease, using medical records, and use medical research to investigate causes of disease.
370
Why must scientists study samples!?
scientists can't study every person on the planet. Scientists must study
samples
.
371
What is a sample!?
A representative part of a larger quantity
372
What must samples be!?
Samples must be
representative
- they must reflect the population under study
373
What is representative!?
A representative sample is one that accurately represents the whole of the group.
374
What must samples not be!?
1.focus on certain groups and ignore others
2.be affected by bias
375
What is meant by the term bias!?
Prejudice or favour shown for one person, group, thing or opinion over another.
376
What are the 2 things we must do to obtain a representative sample!?
1.the study must be wide, and cover all groups in the population being studied
2.the study must be random within these groups
377
What might sampling be!?
Sampling might be systematic in that it is carried out at regular time intervals.
378
When working with samples of human populations, studies must take account of possible variations owing to difference. What are these 3 differences!?
1.between the sexes
2.resulting from people of different ages taking part
3.in people's lifestyles, which could affect the study
379
How can sample analysis be carried out!?
Analyses can be carried out on sub-sets of data within the whole study, so that comparisons can be made within the same age group, for instance.
380
In scientific studies, it may be difficult to control lifestyle factors why!?
In scientific studies, it may be difficult to control lifestyle factors that have the potential to affect the study, particularly if the study is long-term. People involved in a long-term study of the effects of alcohol intake, for instance, will have different lifestyle factors, for instance diet and exercise that could potentially affect the results of the study.
381
Where possible, what do scientists do to data!?
Where possible, scientists adjust data mathematically so that factors can be removed that might distort a comparison between groups. Data must be adjusted, for instance, to make allowances for the effects of age on rates of disease.
382
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to cancer!?
80
383
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to a cardiovascular disease !?
62
384
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to drug related death!?
11
385
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to an infection !?
3
386
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to an injury!?
35
387
What was the number of deaths that could be avoided, rate per 100,000 of population due to a respiratory disease !?
23
388
In the year 2006 how many women in England and Scotland unfortunately pass away from an alcohol related death!?
England: 9.3
Scotland: 19.6
389
In the year 2007 how many women in England and Scotland unfortunately pass away from an alcohol related death!?
England: 9.5
Scotland:16.9
390
In the year 2008 how many women in England and Scotland unfortunately pass away from an alcohol related death!?
England: 9.4
Scotland: 16.7
391
In the year 2010 how many women in England and Scotland unfortunately pass away from an alcohol related death!?
England:8.9
Scotland: 16.0
392
When does Coronary heart disease occur!?
Coronary heart disease occurs when a waxy plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries that supply the heart with oxygen.
393
What can help control a cardiovascular disease!?
Drugs and surgery can help to control
cardiovascular
disease.
394
What are used to help lower cholesterol!? And how do they do it!?
Statins are drugs They do this by lowering the production of cholesterol in the
liver
.
395
When are statins prescribed!?
Statins are prescribed for people with heart disease or who have a high risk of developing it
396
How long to statins need to be taken for!?
They need to be taken long-term.
Cholesterol
levels will rise again if a person stops taking them.
397
What is cholesterol!?
cholesterol
A type of lipid (fatty substance)
398
What have some studies of statins shown!?
Some studies have raised concerns regarding the side effects of statin use, while others believe they can bring additional positive benefits.
399
Why are statins not suitable for everyone!?
they should not be prescribed for people with liver disease, or pregnant or breast feeding women.
400
What side effects do some of statin users have!?
such as headaches and memory loss. There have been reports of statins being linked with type 2
diabetes
and liver damage.
401
Why do other people argue that statins should be used more widely!?
They may protect against other conditions such as
Alzheimer's disease
. Further research is needed.
402
What is Alzheimer’s disease!?
A disease in which the brain degenerates and short term memory is lost.
403
When is a stent used!?
Coronary arteries that are blocked or have become narrow can be stretched open and a
stent
inserted to restore and maintain blood flow.
404
What is a stent!?
A device, consisting of a wire mesh tube, used to keep a narrowed or blocked coronary artery open.
405
Why are stents more beneficial than drugs!?
They can be used in instances where drugs are less effective, and offer a longer term solution. Stents are made from metal
alloys
and do not lead to an immune response in the patient
406
How many stent operations are carried out each year!?
75,000
407
What are the 3 risk factors that depend on the patient's when having a stent surgery:
1.age
2.general health
3.whether they have had a heart attack
408
Is the stent surgery safe!?
The operation is safe as it does not involve surgery, but there is a risk of bleeding, heart attack or stroke.
409
When are heart transplants required!?
A
heart transplant
is required in cases of
heart failure
.
410
What can lead to heart failure!?
Coronary heart disease
can lead to heart failure. The heart fails to pump sufficient blood and
organs
are starved of
oxygen
. There will be degrees of severity of heart failure.
411
What is a heart transplant!?
An operation to replace a damaged heart with a healthy heart from a donor.
412
Who’s heart is transplanted!?
A
donor
heart is transplanted. In rare cases, a heart is transplanted along with lungs.
413
What is a donor!?
A person or organism providing an organ or tissue for transplant.
414
When is a heart transplant needed!?
A consultant assesses the patient's condition. If other treatments are not managing the heart condition, a transplant may be recommended and a patient will be put on a waiting list
415
What affect does a heart transplant have on the body!?
A transplant puts major strain on the body, and the benefits and risks will be evaluated including whether the patient's condition is sufficiently severe and other health factors.
416
How many heart transplants are carried out each year in the UK!?
200
417
Why is there on,y a small amount of heart transplants carried out on the UK!?
There is a shortage of donor hearts in the UK. Only around 200 transplants are carried out each year in a small number of hospitals.
418
What are artificial hearts!?
Artificial hearts are plastic devices used occasionally to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant. They can also be used to allow a patient's heart to rest to help it recover.
419
What will a patient do after a heart transplant!?
1.need time to heal, recover and build up strength
2.have to take drugs called
immunosuppressant drugs
for the rest of their life - this prevents the person's immune system from rejecting the donor heart
3.have an increased risk of infection because of these drugs
420
What are immunosuppressant drugs!?
A type of drug that prevents a patient's immune system from rejecting a transplant.
421
What are used alongside heart conditions and transplants prolong life!?
Drugs used alongside heart conditions and transplants prolong life.
422
What does the NHS data show about heart transplant life expectancy!?
>1 80-90%
>5 70-75%
>10 50%
423
What are the advantages to taking statins!?
Reduce the risk of heart attack. Studies have shown a decrease in 'bad cholesterol' and an increase in 'good cholesterol'. Used to reduce high cholesterol levels that have genetic causes. May have beneficial effects on other conditions
424
What are the disadvantages to taking statins!?
Not suitable for people with liver disease. Some side effects. Must be taken for life. Should not be taken if pregnant or breastfeeding.
425
What are the disadvantages of a heart transplant!?
Few donor hearts are available. Recovery time is long. There is a risk of rejection by the body's immune system.
426
What are the advantages of a heart transplant!?
Improve quality of life.
427
What are the advantages of stents!?
Widen coronary arteries that have not responded to drug treatment. The recovery time is short following insertion of the stent.
428
What are the disadvantages of stents!?
In a minority of cases, further treatment is required.
429
What are the disadvantages of lifestyle changes!?
These changes alone may not be enough to prevent further complications.
430
What are the advantages of lifestyle changes!?
These include stopping smoking, reducing alcohol intake, eating a balanced diet and regular exercise. These changes will improve the health of all people; those with and without cardiovascular disease
