health disease & medicine Flashcards
(33 cards)
Health is defined by the … as …
World health organisation
‘A state of completely physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease’
Disease can be defined as…
Any deviation from the normal structure or function of any body part, organ or system manifested by a set of symptoms.
State 3 communicable diseases.
Influenza, tuberculosis and hiv.
State 3 non-communicable diseases.
Cancer, diabetes, cvd.
If an individual suffers from one disease they are more likely to get other diseases, why?
- defects in immune system mean they’re more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
- viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancers
- severe physical ill health can lead to mental illnesses
- immune reactions caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as rashes and asthma
What microorganisms are pathogens?
Bacteria, fungi, protists and viruses
What ways do infections spread?
- food
- vectors
- air
- water
How are STDs transmitted?
Body fluids (saliva, blood or semen)
What is chlamydia treated with?
Antibiotics
What is HIV?
Damages cells in in your immune system, no cure.
How can STDs be prevented?
Abstinence, condoms, screening, medications, limiting partners etc
How is the body’s defence separated?
Physical and chemical barriers.
What are the physical barriers?
Skin, nose hair and mucus, mucus and cilia in trachea & bronchi
What are the chemical barriers?
Stomach acid (hydrochloric), lysozymes (released by tears), flora (in gut & vagina)
What are the 2 types of WBCs?
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
What are antibodies made by?
Where are antigens found?
Lymphocytes
Pathogens
Describe the body’s response to infection/pathogen?
- Phagocytes recognise pathogen as invading & engulf & digest it
- Pathogen encounters B Lymphocytes which recognise its antigens
- Lymphocyte clones itself & releases specific antibodies
- Antibodies cause agglutination of pathogens
- Person gains memory cells which provide larger quantities in a shorter time
What 2 plants form drugs & what do they do?
Foxglove - strengthens heartbeat
Willow bark - painkiller
What 3 things must be considered when developing new drugs?
Toxicity, efficacy, dose
What 3 stages occur when developing new drugs & what happens in each?
- Preclinical testing (drug tested on cells in lab, toxicity & efficacy)
- Whole organism testing (drug tested on animals, toxicity, efficacy & dosage)
- Clinical trials (drug tested on human volunteers, double-blind study 1 with drug 1 with placebo)
What are risk factors that increase the change of non-communicable diseases?
- Lifestyle (alcohol, diet, exercise)
- Environment (pollution, sun)
- Unavoidable factors (age, sex, genetics)
What leads to obesity and what does it increase the chance of?
Eating more calories than we burn, type 2 and cardiovascular disease)
What leads to malnutrition and what does it increase the risk of?
Eating fewer calories than we burn, brittle bones and anaemia)
