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Sci, Med & Tech > HEALTH & DISEASE IN THE CARIBBEAN 2 > Flashcards

HEALTH & DISEASE IN THE CARIBBEAN 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Non-comunnicable diseases

A

Diseases that cannot be transferred from one person to another( chronic, lifestyle or genetic diseases)

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2
Q

Types of Non-communicable diseases

A

Type II Diabetes
Cancer
Heart Disease
Hypertension
Genetic diseases- Sickle Cell Anaemia, Cystic
Fibrosis, Down Syndrome
Mental Health
Etc..

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3
Q

Cardiovascular Disease

A

Umbrella term for all types of diseases concerning the heart or blood vessels

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4
Q

Heart Disease

A

A variety of conditions that affect the heart’s structure and function

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5
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

A heart disease that occurs when plaque is built up in your arteries reducing the amount of oxygen rich blood flowing to the heart

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6
Q

How to protect the heart

A

Exercise regularly, dont smoke, reduce sodium intake, eat more vegetables, manage stress, get 7-8 hours of sleep.

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7
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Cancer is when abnormal cells grow out of control and spread to other areas of your body.

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8
Q

How does cancer spread?

A

In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors in other parts of the body.

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9
Q

Most responsibile Cancer deaths

A

MEN- Prostate & Lung Cancer
WOMEN- Breast & Cervical Cancer

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10
Q

Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes

A

In diabetes type 1, the pancreas does not make insulin, because the body’s immune system attacks the islet cells in the pancreas that make insulin. In diabetes type 2, the pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin.

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11
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

causes high blood sugar that can affect your pregnancy and your baby’s health.

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12
Q

Consequences of Diabetes

A

Stroke, Blindness, Heart Attack, Kidney Failure, Amputation

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13
Q

What are Genetic Diseases?

A

Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your genes or chromosomes

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14
Q

When a disorder is dominant

A

the disease can occur when there are DNA mistakes in only one of the
two gene copies. This means that if a parent has the DNA change, there is a 50-50 chance that it will be
passed on to each child

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15
Q

When a disorder is recessive

A

there must be mistakes in both copies of the gene for the disorder to
occur. This means that both parents must carry at least one copy of the specific gene change in order to
produce an affected child

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16
Q

What is Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Sickle cell anemia is one of a group of inherited disorders known as
sickle cell disease. It affects the shape of red blood cells, which carry
oxygen to all parts of the body.

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17
Q

Structure of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Red blood cells are usually round and flexible, so they move easily
through blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, some red blood cells are
shaped like sickles or crescent moons. These sickle cells also become
rigid and sticky, which can slow or block blood flow.

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18
Q

Cure for Sickle Cell Anemia

A

There’s no cure for most people with sickle cell anemia. Treatments can
relieve pain and help prevent complications associated with the disease

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19
Q

What is Down Syndrome?

A

Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This means that they have a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This can affect how their brain and body develop.

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20
Q

Characteristics of Down Syndrome

A

Flattened nose and face, small hands and feet, short neck, small ears, poor muscle tone or loose joints, shorter in height as kids or adults, tiny white spots on the iris, a single line across the palm, small pinky finger that can curve towards the thumb.

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21
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Cystic Fibrosis is a hereditary disorder characterized by lung congestion and infection and malabsorption of nutrients by the pancreas.

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22
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

Huntington’s disease is an inherited condition that causes brain cells to slowly lose function and die. It affects the cells in parts of your brain that regulate voluntary movement and memory. Common symptoms include uncontrollable movements and changes to your thinking, behavior and personality.

23
Q

Risk Factors of NCDs

A

NCD epidemic is man-made, fueled by food insecurity, economic and socio-cultural factors in the region.

24
Q

What is Substance Abuse?

A

the harmful or hazardous use of
psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs

25
Q

Tobacco

A

Tobacco smoking is not considered to be a substance use disorder. Tobacco is often described as a gateway drug that can lead to the use and abuse
of other substances.

26
Q

Effects of Drug Abuse

A

Accidents, self-harm, unintentional injuries, domestic violence, weak immune system, liver failure, cardiovascular complications, change of brain function, seizures, memory loss, paranoia, impulsiveness, aggression, hallucinations, learning and behavioral disabilities in children.

27
Q

What is the most abused substance in the Caribbean?

A

Alcohol

28
Q

Subspecies of Cannabis Sativa

A

Sativa, Indica & Ruderalis

29
Q

Cannabis Sativa- “Indica”

A

Sedative relaxing effect, “In da couch” feeling, Increased hunger, Increased
sleepiness

30
Q

Cannabis Sativa - “Sativa”

A

Uplifting cerebral effect, Creative thinking, Energizing, Uncontrollable
laughing

31
Q

Industrial uses of Cannabis

A

Hemp Fibre
- Paper
- Fabric
- Building Material
Hemp Seeds
- Protein and fibre
Hemp Oil
- High omega-3 and 6

32
Q

Medical uses of Cannabis

A

Epilepsy
Tourette Syndrome
Multiple Sclerosis
Pain Management
Glaucoma
Nausea
Appetite Stimulation

33
Q

Religious uses of Cannabis

A

Rastafari
Hinduism
Christianity

34
Q

Recreational uses of Cannabis

A

Getting high

35
Q

Methods of Cannabis Consumption

A

Edibles, smoking, concentrates & transdermal patches

36
Q

Advantages of Cannabis Consumption

A

Creativity and mindfulness
Improved mood
Improved sleep
Appetite stimulation

37
Q

Disadvantages of Cannabis Consumption

A

Impaired cognitive function
Risk of dependence
Risk of anxiety, paranoia
Risk of respiratory issues
Variable individual effects
Employment and drug testing
Legal implications

38
Q

Decriminalization

A

The act of removing any criminal sanctions against a certain drug, including its use or
possession under a specified amount.
A decriminalized drug is still illegal, but the punishment for it is much less harsh.
For example, those found in possession of the drug (in a small amount) would not be incarcerated.
Instead, they may be reproached with a civil fine, drug education, or drug treatment

39
Q

Legalization

A

The act of a substance becoming permissible by law. In other words, it means that a
once-banned substance is no longer illegal.
People can use the substance without worry of being convicted or fined.
There may be some restrictions set forth with the legalization of a drug, in efforts to keep
users safe.

40
Q

Decriminalization vs Legalization

A

Decriminalization: Removes criminal penalties but may still impose fines or regulations. The activity is not fully legal but isn’t treated as a criminal offense.

Legalization: Fully allows and regulates the activity under the law, making it explicitly legal.

41
Q

Medical Pros of Cannabis Use

A

Treats Glaucoma, Controls Epileptic Seizures, Stops Cancer from Spreading, Reverses the Carcinogenic Effects of Tobacco

42
Q

Traditional Diets

A

low animal protein, high complex carbohydrates & fibre with
‘reasonable’ amount of fat

43
Q

Energy Protein Malnutrition

A

a deficiency in the diet of the calories and protein
needed for good health

44
Q

Common Deficiencies in the Caribbean,

A

Iron, Vitamin A & Iodine

45
Q

Factors Contributing to Poor Nutrition

A

Globalization, Ecological Issues, Quantity and Quality of Food Supply, Demographic, Poverty, Inequalities to Access, Social, Economic & Cultural Factors

46
Q

What is Obesity

A

Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive body fat that poses health risks. It is commonly measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI), where a BMI of 30 or higher indicates obesity

47
Q

What can Obesity lead to?

A

High Blood Pressure, Liver Disease, Heart Disease, Acid Reflux, Type 2 Diabetes, Cancer Risk, High Cholesterol and Mood Changes.

48
Q

Causes of Obesity

A

Diet, Lack of Exercise, Over-consumption of Sugary and Fatty Foods, Genetics, Stress, Eating Disorders, Poor Sleep, Medication, Health Conditions

49
Q

Factors Influencing Childhood Obesity

A

Excess sugar consumption, neglectful parenting, lack of physical activity

50
Q

Why has Nutrition in the Caribbean Changed?

A

Increased urbanization and a growing reliance on imported goods have made processed and fast foods more accessible, affordable, and convenient than traditional, locally sourced diets.

51
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

High blood pressure (hypertension) is when the force of blood pushing against your artery walls is consistently too high.

52
Q

How do NCDs Affect the Caribbean?

A

NCDs are responsible for losses in productivity and increased
economic burdens to individuals, families, communities and nations.
(PAHO/WHO)
Human & economic costs of death and disability associated with
NCDs - tremendous burden on governments and wider society
related to health care costs, indirect costs caused by loss of
productivity from disability and premature mortality

53
Q

Strategies to Reduce NCDs

A

Review Page 139

Sci, Med & Tech (3 decks)

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