Health determinants

Question 1

By the end of 2021, 5 out of every 100,000 people in a country “X” had cancer. This represents the ___ rate of cancer in the country

Answer 1

Prevalence

Question 2

In 2020
Country A: 30 kids under the age of 5 died
Country B: 50 kids under the age of 5 died
Which country has a better health status?

Answer 2

It can’t be determined because it doesn’t say that that is a rate (it should say the amount of kids that were born that year)

Question 3

Perinatal period

Answer 3

From the 28th week of pregnancy (gestation) till the first week of a baby’s life

Question 4

A baby was born alive but died on the 5th day after birth. Which of the health indicators includes that death?
A. Infant mortality rate 
B. Neonatal mortality rate
C. Child mortality rate
D. Perinatal mortality rate
E. All of them

Answer 4

E. All of them

Question 5

A baby was born alive but died on the 15th day after birth. Which of the health indicators includes that death?
A. Infant mortality rate 
B. Neonatal mortality rate
C. Child mortality rate
D. Perinatal mortality rate
E. All of them

Answer 5

A. Infant mortality rate
B. Neonatal mortality rate
C. Child mortality rate

Question 6

A baby was born alive but died 6 months after being born. Which of the health indicators includes that death?
A. Infant mortality rate 
B. Neonatal mortality rate
C. Child mortality rate
D. Perinatal mortality rate
E. All of them

Answer 6

A. Infant mortality rate

C. Child mortality rate

Question 7

Which are the non-modifiable factors that affect our health?

Answer 7

Age
Gender
Genes (constitutional factors)

Question 8

Determinants of health

Answer 8

• Many levels of influence when it comes to our health
  
  • Can be external or internal
• Data matters a lot
• Measurements are important
• Factors that influence our health
  
  • Can be modifiable and non-modifiable
  • Ex. Sanitation, air pollution, access to health services, access to clean water

Question 9

Health trends

Answer 9

• How things changes with time
• Tells us if the interventions we’ve made are helping or not
• To see a meaningful change we need to look at the trends for a long period of time

Question 10

Morbidity

Answer 10

• Sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being
• Any condition that doesn’t allows us to feel well (subjectively and objectively)
• Interchanges with sickness (we use this terms interchangeably)

Question 11

Subjective well-being

Answer 11

How ppl perceive their health

Question 12

Objective well-being

Answer 12

When we are really sick

Question 13

Mortality

Answer 13

Death-rate and mortality-rate are used interchangeably

Question 14

Disability

Answer 14

• An umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions
• Temporary (not always permanent) or long-term reduction in a person’s capacity to function
• Any condition that interferes with our daily activities and makes us less productive

Question 15

Incidence rate

Answer 15

• The number of new cases of a health condition in a certain period, compared to the number of ppl at risk
• New cases
• Ex. Today, 2/100,000 ppl in BC got infected with covid (how many ppl got the disease recently)

Question 16

Prevalence rate

Answer 16

• The total number of cases of a health condition in a certain period, compared to the number of ppl at risk
• Existing cases
• Ex. Currently, in BC, 50/100,000 ppl are covid + (total # of cases right now)
• When ppl recover or die they stop making part of this rate

Question 17

Why are the incidence and prevalence rate important?

Answer 17

• They tell us which diseases are a bigger problem
• The budget in healthcare is limited so it is important to know these numbers
• These numbers allows us to decided which disease requires the most investment so we can prioritize them

Question 18

What are the social and community network factors that affect our health?

Answer 18

• Education
• Housing
• Living and working conditions
• Access to healthcare and healthcare facilities

Question 19

What are the general socio-economic, cultural, and environmental conditions that affect our health?

Answer 19

• Global warming

- Government policies

Question 20

What are health indicators?

Answer 20

• Multiple units to determine if a population is healthy or not
• Needs to be universal so it can be used throughout the world
  
  • And so data can be compared with other countries

Question 21

What are the health status indicators critical for?

Answer 21

• Determining the causes of mobility, disability, and death
• Carrying out disease surveillance
• Making comparisons about health within and across countries

Question 22

What are the 6 most common indicators of health?

Answer 22

• Life expectancy at birth
• Under-5 mortality rate (child mortality rate)
• Infant mortality rate
• Neonatal mortality rate
• Maternal mortality rate
• Perinatal mortality rate

Question 23

Perinatal mortality rate

Answer 23

The number of deaths from the 28th completed week of gestation till the end of the 1st week of life per 1,000 live and still births

Question 24

Maternal mortality rate

Answer 24

The number of women who dies as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

Question 25

Neonatal mortality rate

Answer 25

The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

Question 26

Infant mortality rate

Answer 26

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

Question 27

Under-5 mortality rate (child mortality rate)

Answer 27

The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

Question 28

Life expectancy at birth

Answer 28

• The average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn’s life
• This doesn’t rule out that accidents can happen (unexpected things can happen)
• The higher the life expectancy at birth of a region/country the better the health status of that region/country