health, culture and society

Question 1

Outline the link between socioeconomic status and health inequalities (3)

Answer 1

• people in higher socioeconomic groups benefit more from advances in health than those in lower groups
• male life expectancy increased from 1980s to 2010s but this also increased the gap between higher and lower classes -> reports show higher classes treated better in terms of health and social care
• another report showed the gap between healthcare for the rich and poor had widened over time

Question 2

Describe the socioeconomic classification based on how people rank occupations

Answer 2

-class 1= doctors, lawyers etc
-class 4= farmers, shopkeepers, driving instructors
-class 7=labourers,bar staff, lorry drivers
but may not be a good reflection of poverty and social status

Question 3

what are the 7 domains of deprivation

Answer 3

• income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment
• there are ranks based on the domains for every area
• however some people who aren’t deprived may live in an area of deprivation and vice versa

Question 4

What is meant by social drift in terms of health inequalities?

Answer 4

-poorer health causes inequalities (drift down the social ladder/gradient)

Question 5

what are 2 rights and what are 2 obligations of the sick role?

Answer 5

2 rights: exempt from normal social roles, not responsible for illness
2 obligations: try and get better, seek and adhere to medical advice

Question 6

what are the limitations of the sick role?

Answer 6

Limitations:

• Doesn’t apply to trivial or chronic illness
• Doesn’t consider severity of illness
• Doesn’t consider culture

Question 7

define problem focused coping for stress?

Answer 7

problem focused coping is for long term

• addresses the problems
• learn about illness and how to cope with it

Question 8

define emotional focused coping for stress?

Answer 8

emotional focused coping- short term

• deals with ermotion
• relaxation / distraction i.e drinking, drugs, denial
• can lead to destructive behaviour

Question 9

what are zolas triggers to consultation (CRAST)?

Answer 9

Crisis = an event that causes you to go 
Relationship = the condition affects you interpersonal relationship
Activities = these are affected 
Sanctioning = pressure from others 
Temporalising = setting a time frame/deadline

Question 10

what are the different types of stigma?

Answer 10

• Felt/internal/self-stigma = shame or expectation of discrimination that prevents people doing things
• Enacted/external/discrimination sitgma = refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others
• Discrediting = visible
• Discreditable = hidden/unkown

Question 11

outline the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (PCPAM)?

Answer 11

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance 
(relapse can occur at ant stage)

Question 12

define concordance

Answer 12

Concordance = compromised agreement between a doctor and patient as to what the patient will do

Question 13

define compliance

Answer 13

Compliance = extent to which a patient’s behaviour matches that told to them by the doctor (paternalistic)

Question 14

define adherence

Answer 14

Adherence = extent to which a patient follows the plan

Question 15

what is the medical model of disability and what is its limitations?

Answer 15

Medical model of disability = disability is a result of a physical condition or disease to a persons body

Limitations = focus is on curing a person to live a normal life, but no everything is curable

Question 16

what is the social model of disability and what is its limitation?

Answer 16

Social model of disability = disability is a result of how society is organised rather than by the individuals impairment. (Remove barriers by use of ramps, brail etc.)
Limitations = As population gets older harder for society to adjust. Also hard for professionals to switch from cure => care

Question 17

what is secure attachment in childhood and how does it develop into adulthood?

Answer 17

In childhood: (secure)
- distress when mother leaves
- greets mother when she returns
In adulthood (secure)
- comfortable in relationships
- able to seek support from partner

Question 18

what is avoidant attachment in childhood and how does it develop into adulthood?

Answer 18

In childhood (avoidant)
- does not seek mother when she returns
- focus on enviroment
In adulthood (dissmissing)
- greater sense of autonomy
- tend to cut themselves off emotionally from partner

Question 19

what is ambivalent attachment in childhood and how does it develop into adulthood?

Answer 19

In childhood (ambivalent)
- very upset at departure
- explores very little
In adulthood (preoccupied)
-fears rejection from partner
- strong desire to maintain closeness

Question 20

what are the big five for personality traits? OCEAN

Answer 20

• Openess
• Consciousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Narcissism

Question 21

what are the models of addiction?

Answer 21

Disease model = addiction is a disease that needs to be treated
Moral model = weak individual
Genetic model = genetic pre-disposition to addiction
Experimental model = just a phase of experimenting
Exposure theory = regular consumption has led to metabolic dependency on the habit, need to use with increasing dose to gain effect (CUES)
Choice model = one chooses to be addicted/consume the addiction

Question 22

what are different issues patients experience when dealing with chronic illness?

Answer 22

Uncertainty = slow process and waiting for things to happen and you don’t know when it will 
Family relations are strained 
Managing medical regime can be hard due to complexity 
Polypharmacy
Multiple appointments/busy schedule
Getting to and from appointments (cost) 
Cost of additional support 
Lose independence

Question 23

define social causation

Answer 23

Social causation = being part of a lower SE group predisposes you to certain conditions

Question 24

define social drift

Answer 24

Social drift = when having the condition causes you to drift down the SE ladder to a lower SE group

Question 25

maslows hierarchy

Question 26

what is lazarus model of coping with stress? (look at flow chart on google)

Answer 26

first apprasial: is there percieved threat?
If yes,
second apprasial:
percieved inability to cope -> negative stress
percieved ability to cope -> positive stress