Health Care and Ethics Flashcards
Describe the differences and beliefs of Western Medicine
and terms placebo, the placebo effect and control group.
Western Medicine observes the scientific method: observe, research, and experiment and analyse. Bases its treatments on symptoms.
Terms:
Placebo- fake sugar pill patients take with no medicine. Baseline for testing.
Control group- A group not taking the drug.
Describe the differences and beliefs of Traditional Medicine and the terms smudging and sweat lodge.
Indigenous people practiced Traditional Medicine. They used the resources around them to treat symptoms. Knowledge is passed down from generations.
Describe the differences and beliefs of the CAM method.
Self-help practices, therapies and healing systems that do not have widespread acceptance within the conventional medical system. People often will use these beside other treatments (complimentary) or by themselves to help solve minor problems (alternative).
The medicine wheel symbolizes:
Interconnection of all life from natural cycles (spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical)
Seven-step process to solving ethical dilemmas in the medical field.
The case, the problem, alternatives, key considerations (is it equal?)) (autonomy, benefits and harms, and justice), resolution, and next steps
What are the three main macro nutrients?
Proteins, Lipids and Carbohydrates
Explain dehydration synthesis.
A bond made by taking away water. This makes a disaccharide.
What is a monomer?
List the monomers of each macronutrients.
A single unit of macronutrients.
Carbs- monosaccharides
Protein- amino acids
Lipids- fatty acids
Different types of carbs, their differences, and how they are used in the body.
Mono, di, and poly saccharides.
(One, two, and three or more)
Carbs are used for energy in the body. Each must be broken down into monosaccharides to be properly digested by the body.
Different types of lipids.
All fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, They are organized in a chain with fatty acid tails. Fats are different because of how each tail is shaped.
What are Trans fats?
Trans fats come from adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats. These can raise Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol that increases rates of heart disease. Opposite hydrogen atoms make it difficult to break apart.
What are Saturated Fats?
Has no double bonds in the molecule as it is saturated with hydrogen molecules.
What are Unsaturated Fats?
Has at least 1 double bond causing bends in the molecule. More space makes it easier for enzymes to break it down in the body.
What is LDL?
Low-density Lipoprotein carries cholesterol that sticks to arteries and eventually blocks blood flow.
What is HDL?
High-density Lipoprotein removes cholesterol and returns it to the liver rather than clogging arteries.
What are proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes and antibodies in the immune system.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our body.
What are essential and non-essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are required through your diet. These can also be turned into other forms.
Non-essential amino acids are not required to be consumed and your body can produce them on its own.
Names for large intestine parts.
Ascending, transverse, descending.
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water.
What does the liver do?
Filters blood and creates bile to break down fats.
Name of enzyme in the salivary glands that breaks down carbs.
Amylase.
What are the three functions of the digestive system?
Break down food, Release enzymes (secretions) and waste, and absorb nutrients for the body.
How are other body systems connected to the digestive system?
The cardiovascular is connected because of villi. Arteries supply the digestive system with oxygen and processed nutrients. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.
The Urinary system is connected to the digestive system because it does the same things with liquids. Kidneys convert Vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine.
What is the function of the ureter?
A tube that brings urine to the bladder to be stored.
What are the Renal Arteries?
Arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.
What are nephrons?
Microscopic functional units that filter urine.
What is tubular reabsorption?
Movement of water, sugar, and salt that is taken back in to the bloodstream after waste has been removed.
What is the Renal Pelvis?
A funnel in the kidneys.
What does the Medulla contain?
A majority of the nephrons that filter blood.
What is the Renal vein?
Veins that take away blood from the kidneys.
What are the three types of carbs?
Mono, di, and polysaccharides.
Difference between a monounsaturated fat and a polyunsaturated fat.
Mono has one double bond and poly has a lot of them.
Where is the Mitral Valve?
The first valve that oxygenated blood passes through before it gets pushed to the Aortic valve, which in turns pushes blood throughout the entire body.
Name of blood vessel that brings blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery.
Different types of blood valves.
Tricuspid (three) and Bicuspid (two). Bicuspid valves are found throughout the entire body, allowing consistent blood flow, especially in the legs and arms.
What does the sinotrial node do?
The sinoatrial node controls the contractions of the atria in the heart. The one that controls the ventricles is called the atrioventricular node.
Name the components of blood.
Blood contains nutrients, waste, and gases (oxygen). It is 55% plasma, and 45% cellular components (red and white blood cells, and platelets)
How does our body protect us from blood that is not ours?
The immune system attacks blood it doesn’t recognize by proteins in the red blood cells (antigens).
Name the universal recipient and the universal donor for blood types.
The universal recipient is type AB+. It has no plasma antibodies to react and does not cause major clogging. Type O- is the universal donor, because it doesn’t contain any A or B anitgens and the proteins are diluted enough that it doesn’t cause a major problem.
Where are antibodies in the blood?
Located in plasma.
Where are antigens in the blood?
Antigens stick to red blood cells.
How do you identify a stroke?
The acronym FAST.
Face drooping, arm weakness, slurring, speech and time.
What causes a stroke?
A narrowed blood vessel or clot.
Name the parts of an Electrocardiogram.
The P Wave is the beating of the Atria, the QRS complex is the Ventricles (to the whole body), and the T wave is the electrical reset of the ventricles.
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure when the heart is at rest.
What is systolic pressure?
How much force the heart pushes with when it beats.
What does the Parietal Lobe do in the brain?
Touch and sensory information from the world.
What does the Amygdala do?
Controls fear and pleasure, and the fight or flight response.
What does the Thalamus do?
It is the relay center of the brain.
What does the Temporal lobe do?
Deals with recognition of objects and faces and sounds/smell.
What is MS?
A neurodegenerative disease caused by the immune system attacking the myelin sheaths of neurons.
How do you diagnose MS?
By a spinal tap, blood test, or MRI. An MRI will show areas of damage in the brain, and spinal tap will find an infection in the spinal fluid.
How do you treat MS?
Immunosuppresants. These suppress the immune system and slow the disease down.
Explain the structure and function of a neuron and their function.
The main parts of a neuron are the soma, axon, dendrites, and the myelin sheath. The soma maintains cell structure and function, the axon sends signal around the body using electrical impulses, and the dendrites receive chemical signals.
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent), and Inter neurons.
Name the function of sensory neurons.
To sense stimuli and receive information, sending it to the brain.
Name the function of Motor neurons.
To carry signals to muscles from the brain.
Name the function of Inter neurons.
Middle guys in between sensory and motor neurons transferring signals. Important for reflexes. Sometimes these will send signals from the spine back to the muscles themselves.
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
The automatic actions of the body.
What does the somatic nervous system control?
The voluntary actions of the body.
What is the peripheral nervous system? What is it made up of?
The nervous system near the surface of your whole body, sensing things. Made up of the Somatic and autonomic neurons.
What happens during an action potential?
A cell at rest is sitting at -70mV. When an electrical signal is sent down the axon, it raises the voltage. If the voltage passes -55mV, an action potential will happen. During depolarization, Sodium channels are opened and sodium is let in. To combat this, in re-polarization, Potassium channels are opened and potassium leaks out, and the cell calms down again after hyper-polarization back to its resting state.
