Health Behaviour Models

Question 1

What is the health belief model?

Answer 1

According to the health belief model beliefs are important contributors to health behaviour

Question 2

List continuum theories

Answer 2

1. Health belief model
2. Self-efficacy theory
3. Behavioural theory
4. Theory of planned behaviour

Question 3

Critique of Health belief model

Answer 3

° It needs to include psychosocial factors
° It’s not a good predictor for adherence
° The HBD model may be a good predictor of simple, infrequent behaviours

Question 4

What is self-efficacy theory?

Answer 4

According to self-efficacy a person’s belief/confidence in their ability to initiate a difficult behavior predicts the likelihood of them achieving it.

Question 5

What is outcome expectation?

Answer 5

It is the belief that a particular behavior will result in a valuable outcome.
Self-efficacy + outcome expectation = prediction of behaviour

Question 6

Critiques for Self-efficacy theory

Answer 6

1. It omits other factors that influence motivation
2. Variables are difficult to operationalized
3. It’s wide range focus may make it difficult to base interventions on it

Question 7

What are sources of Self-efficacy

Answer 7

1. Performance
2. Vicarious experience
3. Verbal persuasion
4. Physiological arousal states

Question 8

What is behavioural theory?

Answer 8

It is based on principles of operant conditioning, focuses on the environment and teaching skills to manage adherences.

Question 9

Because behaviour patterns and habits are difficult to change, how does behaviour theory elicit behaviour change?

Answer 9

With the use of:

1. Cues (reminders, alarms, phone calls)
2. Rewards (external and internal)
3. Contingency contracts (Written agreements)

Question 10

Critique for behavioural theory

Answer 10

• predicts that adherence will be difficult
• limited by its focus on external influences
• no individualistic approach
• no consideration of of less conscious factors

Question 11

What is theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 11

It’s the theory that people think about outcomes before taking action, and that info is used to decide how to behave. One either chooses to act or not to act, and that intention is an immediate determinant of behaviour.

Question 12

Which factors shape intention?

Answer 12

• Attitude towards behaviour
• Subjective norm
• Perceived behavioural control

Question 13

Critique for theory of planned behaviour

Answer 13

1. Assumes behaviour is under volitional control
2. Assumes intention will actually lead to enacting the behaviour
3. Does not consider impact of past behaviour
4. Does not consider structural barriers

Question 14

What are stage theories? name them

Answer 14

In stage theories people pass through a series of discrete stages as they attempt to change their behavior. In stage theories, interventions are tailored to fit the individual

1. The transtheoretical model
2. The health action process approach

Question 15

What is the transtheoretical model?

Answer 15

According to the Transtheoretical model people progress through five stages in making behaviour changes.
Transition from preparation to action is most difficult. A person can relapse to a previous stage or the first stage. Relapse is a learning experience

Question 16

In Transtheoretical model, what is stage 1and 2 important for?

Answer 16

It’s important for techniques to raise awareness

Question 17

In the Transtheoretical model, what is stage 4 and 5 important for?

Answer 17

They are important for strategies that directly address behaviour and maintainence

Question 18

What are the different stages of the Transtheoretical model?

Answer 18

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintainence
   * Relapse*

Question 19

Critique for the Transtheoretical model

Answer 19

• Generated most research
• Identified that interventions need to be tailored according to the stage of cjabgey the person is in
• Good predictor for smoking cessation but less successful at predicting adherence to special diets.
• complex and costly
• not appropriate for behaviors that need urgent change

Question 20

What is the Health Action Process Approach?

Answer 20

A model that suggest that the adoption, initiation and maintainence of health behaviours should be perceived as a structured process.

Question 21

What are the stages of HAPA?

Answer 21

Stage 1: Motivational phase
The intention to adopt preventative measures or change risk behaviours is formed.
1. Perceived personal risk,
2. Favourable outcome expectations and
3. Action/Task Self-efficacy… Are necessary to make necessary changes
(Intention is not enough to produce lasting changes)
Stage 2
Attempt to make changes
Persistence with change over time
A plan for behaviour change and setbacks
Maintainance Self-efficacy (confidence you can keep up the behaviour)
Relapse Self-efficacy (confidence that you will resume behaviour after relapse)

Question 22

What are limitations of HAPA?

Answer 22

• not yet studied widely

* omits important social factors